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usgs.gov
official
https://www.usgs.gov/news/featured-story/making-minerals-how-growing-rocks-ca…
Following an assessment of geologic carbon storage potential in sedimentary rocks, the USGS has published a comprehensive review of potential carbon storage in igneous and metamorphic rocks through a process known as carbon mineralization. There are two primary types of geologic carbon mineralization: injection of carbon dioxide into rock formations deep underground, or exposure to broken pieces of rock at the surface, such as leftovers from mining, called mine tailings. The carbon dioxide is injected into wells that go deep underground to igneous or metamorphic rock formations that have the potential for carbon mineralization. However, there is not nearly as much rock that can be mineralized on the surface as there is underground, so the overall amount of carbon storage is higher for underground injection than exposing carbon dioxide to crushed rock on the surface. Image shows a map of geologic carbon storage potential throughout the United States.
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wri.org
article
https://www.wri.org/insights/carbon-mineralization-carbon-removal
### **1) What is Carbon Mineralization?**. Carbon mineralization is a process that naturally occurs over hundreds or thousands of years in which certain minerals inside rocks react with atmospheric CO2 to create carbonates, solid minerals that securely remove and sequester CO2. Alkaline minerals within the rock powder react with ambient CO2, trapping it in solid carbonates. A key concern with scaling up carbon mineralization above ground is the need to increase mining to access large amounts of alkaline material, as well as grinding and transport — all of which require energy. Carbon removed through surficial mineralization, for example, is challenging to account for and monitor because oceans, coasts and soils, where mine tailings and crushed rocks are spread, are open systems (as compared to a closed-system DAC plant). Carbon mineralization presents significant potential as a carbon removal approach, within a larger suite of carbon removal and climate actions, to help reach global climate goals.
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netl.doe.gov
official
https://netl.doe.gov/carbon-management/carbon-storage/mineralization
# Carbon Mineralization. #### Carbon Mineralization Overview:. Carbon management can be achieved by permanently storing captured carbon in natural systems or other resources via carbon mineralization processes. Natural resources for carbon mineralization which are highly reactive with CO2 include natural brines and mafic/ultramafic rocks and minerals. The Carbon Mineralization Program is dedicated to developing resource assessments for carbon management focusing on:. Projects in the Carbon Mineralization Program support the resource assessments by:. | Carbon Mineralization Project Landing Pages | |. | Resource Assessment of Industrial Wastes for CO2 Mineralization | **University of North Dakota** |. | Subsurface Carbon Mineralization Resources in Hawaiian Basalt | **University of Hawaii** |. | Resource Assessment of Geological Formations and Mine Waste for Carbon Dioxide Mineralization in the US Mid-Atlantic | **Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University** |. | Subsurface Mafic and Ultramafic Rock Mapping and Analysis for Carbon Mineralization in the United States (Submap-CO2) | **University of Texas at Austin** |.
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lot21.org
article
https://lot21.org/discover/solutions/understanding/carbon-mineralization/
For example, CO2 can be stored in concrete, known as ex-situ mineralization, in a matter of hours or injected underground for geologic carbon storage, known as in-situ mineralization, where the process occurs within a few years. Different approaches for scaling carbon mineralization include enhanced oil recovery, carbon utilization, and rock weathering, each with its own method, process, and growth opportunity. **Ex-situ:** Carbon-mineralized alternatives to traditional building materials can avoid damaging practices such as quarrying and can use hazardous waste materials from other industrial processes as inputs (e.g., fly ash or steel slag), reducing the potential for harm to local communities and the environment. For example, while in-situ mineralization methods can store carbon durably in underground rock formations, there are concerns about potential leakage at injection sites and from CO2 transportation pipelines. In the design sector, landscape architects can lower a project’s carbon footprint by specifying ‘rock dust,’ a low-cost, surficial form of carbon mineralization that can replace synthetic fertilizers, enhance soil health, and store CO2.
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ceclab.seas.upenn.edu
research
https://ceclab.seas.upenn.edu/page/mineral-carbonation
Engineered carbon mineralization emulates and accelerates natural rock weathering, whereby calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) silicate minerals react with carbon dioxide dissolved in water to form calcium and magnesium carbonate minerals that are stable on geologic timescales. *Ex situ* carbon mineralization can be done with silicate rocks and even alkaline industrial byproducts.4 Calcium and magnesium are found in many other materials that are often considered the 'wastes' of industrial processes: mining wastes, steel slag, air pollution control residue, fly ash, and many other industrial wastes are abundant in magnesium and/or calcium and can be used as feedstocks for *ex situ* mineralization processes. At the Clean Energy Conversions Lab, we research carbon mineralization as a method of carbon storage in two projects: the first project loops Mg and Ca oxides that are highly reactive with CO2 to conduct direct air capture;5 the second leaches calcium and magnesium from mining wastes from carbonates.6 Our research into carbon mineralization extends beyond the lab as we consider how economics, mapping, life cycle assessments, and US policy can help deploy carbon mineralization on a broad scale.
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ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
official
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK541437/
Carbon mineralization is an emerging approach to remove carbon dioxide (CO2) from the air and/or store it in the form of carbonate minerals such as calcite
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carbon-direct.com
article
https://www.carbon-direct.com/criteria/2025-edition/carbon-mineralization
Carbon mineralization binds carbon in rock in both underground (in situ) and aboveground (ex situ) sites. Carbonate minerals can be incorporated into products
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sccs.stanford.edu
research
https://sccs.stanford.edu/sites/g/files/sbiybj17761/files/media/file/an-overv…
Various methods exist for carbon mineralization: (1) ex-situ, where the alkalinity source is transported to a site of CO2 capture, ground to a