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sciencedirect.com
article
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2949908925002833
Title: Advancing carbon dioxide mineralization for long-term carbon storage: Opportunities, challenges, and strategic recommendations - ScienceDirect
## Gas Science and Engineering. Volume 146, February 2026, 205819. # Advancing carbon dioxide mineralization for long-term carbon storage: Opportunities, challenges, and strategic recommendations. Author links open overlay panel, , , , , ,. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgsce.2025.205819Get rights and content. ## Highlights. Chelating agents accelerate dissolution of Ca–, Mg–, and Fe–minerals. Surfactants, acids, and enzymes improve solubility, dissolution, and nucleation. Advanced tools reveal passivation, secondary precipitation, and pore changes. Scale-up needs biodegradable additives, waste integration, and TEA/LCA studies. ## Abstract. The need for reliable and permanent storage solutions has increased due to the growing urgency of climate change, primarily caused by carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. In addition to traditional carbon capture and storage (CCS), CO2 mineralization provides an unmatched means of locking carbon into stable carbonates. With a focus on geological compatibility, reaction routes, and the accelerating effect of chemical additives such as chelating agents, surfactants, organic acids, and enzymes, this research objectively assesses the potential for mineralization in reactive mafic and ultramafic rocks. Instrumental techniques were highlighted to enable the characterization of dissolution and carbonation processes. This work examines key challenges and introduces new approaches to overcome them. Looking forward, it will be essential to combine chemical enhancement with field-scale demonstrations, optimize reaction conditions, and connect mineralization to industrial decarbonization chains. This review paper establishes CO2 mineralization as a key component for attaining long-term carbon neutrality by describing both recent developments and strategic priorities. ## Keywords. ## Data availability. Data will be made available on request. ## Cited by (0). : This article is part of a special issue entitled: 2025 GSE Emerging Awards (Invitation Only) published in Gas Science and Engineering. © 2025 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.
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sciencedirect.com
article
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2949908925002833
# Advancing carbon dioxide mineralization for long-term carbon storage: Opportunities, challenges, and strategic recommendations. In addition to traditional carbon capture and storage (CCS), CO2 mineralization provides an unmatched means of locking carbon into stable carbonates. This is an issue that the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) stresses, that the rise in temperature should not be over 1.5 °C, and carbon neutrality should be achieved by 2050 (Zhang et al., 2023). To effectively diminish the impact of CO2 emissions, implementing vigorous carbon storage solutions, geological storage, is significant (Luo et al., 2025). This means that the mineral trapping in sandstone formations is predicted to take thousands of years after CO2 injection terminates (Kim et al., 2023). Nevertheless, there is an alternative technology for carbon storage that involves storing the captured CO2 via injection into reactive rocks, stimulating CO2 mineralization; hence, a layer of security is added, ensuring long-term carbon storage and minimizing leakage risk (Bashir et al., 2024) (SÓ et al., 2020). This strategy is advantageous because storing CO2 in mineral rocks ensures thermodynamic stability and permanence (Nduagu et al., 2013). To add more, this process efficiently converts CO2 into stable carbonates (Gao et al., 2023) via chemical reactions with the minerals in the rock. The rapid rate of mineralization in these reactive formations improves the stability of carbon storage, making CO2 mineralization a viable option for alleviating carbon emissions. The results were striking: over 95 % of the injected CO2 transformed into solid carbonate minerals within less than two years (Matter et al., 2016). In particular, it examines the role of chemical additives—chelating agents, surfactants, organic acids, and enzymes—in enhancing mineral dissolution and promoting faster carbonate formation. SEM has been utilized in geology to characterize natural rocks and minerals (Awolayo et al., 2022). ### Comprehensive analysis of direct aqueous mineral carbonation using dissolution enhancing organic additives. ### Engineered carbon mineralization in ultramafic rocks for CO2 removal from air: review and new insights. ### A review of carbon mineralization mechanism during geological CO2 storage. ### Silicate, phosphate and carbonate mineral dissolution behaviour in the presence of organic acids: a review.
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prism.sustainability-directory.com
article
https://prism.sustainability-directory.com/term/deep-sea-carbon-mineralization/
The concept of Deep-Sea Carbon Mineralization, at its core, represents a significant approach within the broader sphere of carbon dioxide removal Meaning → Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) refers to a suite of processes aimed at extracting carbon dioxide (CO2) directly from the atmosphere and durably storing it in geological, terrestrial, or oceanic reservoirs, or in long-lived products. Deep-Sea Carbon Mineralization is fundamentally about leveraging the ocean’s natural chemistry to convert dissolved carbon dioxide into stable mineral forms, offering a long-term carbon storage Meaning → Long-Term Carbon Storage (LTCS) refers to processes and technologies designed to remove carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere or capture it from emission sources and securely store it for extended periods, preventing its release back into the atmosphere. In summary, Deep-Sea Carbon Mineralization holds significant promise as a long-term carbon storage solution, leveraging the ocean’s natural processes. Deep-Sea Carbon Mineralization, in its intermediate complexity, involves a range of geochemical processes and technological interventions designed to enhance the natural conversion of dissolved CO2 into stable mineral carbonates in the deep ocean. The implementation of Deep-Sea Carbon Mineralization necessitates careful consideration of potential environmental impacts Meaning → Environmental Impacts refer to the effects of human activities on the environment, encompassing alterations to ecosystems, natural resources, and ecological processes. Moving forward, rigorous scientific research, responsible innovation, and inclusive governance are paramount to unlock the potential of Deep-Sea Carbon Mineralization as a safe and effective carbon dioxide removal strategy while safeguarding the health of the deep ocean. The path forward for Deep-Sea Carbon Mineralization necessitates rigorous interdisciplinary research, focusing on optimizing efficiency, minimizing environmental impacts, and establishing robust monitoring and governance frameworks for responsible implementation. Deep-Sea Carbon Mineralization, from an academic vantage, is defined as a suite of anthropogenically instigated interventions designed to accelerate the natural geochemical processes of converting dissolved inorganic carbon, particularly anthropogenic CO2, into stable, solid-phase carbonate minerals within the bathypelagic and abyssal zones of the global ocean, evaluated against stringent criteria of long-term carbon sequestration efficacy, ecological integrity, and socio-economic viability. The introduction of alkaline materials, the alteration of seawater chemistry, or the physical disturbance of seafloor habitats associated with Deep-Sea Carbon Mineralization could trigger a cascade of ecological effects, with potentially long-lasting consequences.
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researchgate.net
research
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/384840106_A_Novel_Approach_to_Accele…
Compared to carbonated water, the CO2 mineralization rate increased by 17.07% when the reaction solution contained CO2 nanobubbles. CO₂ sequestration in subsurface geological formations: A review of trapping mechanisms and monitoring techniques Carbon capture and storage (CCS) in subsurface formations has emerged as a promising strategy to address global warming. Data-Driven Quantitative Study of Synergistic Effects on CCUS-EOR─A Case Study of Ultralow-Permeability Sandstone Reservoirs Micro and nanobubbles technologies as a new horizon for CO2-EOR and CO2 geological storage techniques: A review Capillary trapping characteristics of CO2 sequestration in fractured carbonate rock and sandstone using MRI Capillary trapping is a prominent short-term trapping mechanism that achieves the maximum storage capacity and ensures the integrity of CO2 sequestration in deep saline aquifers on an industrial scale. Molecular-scale mechanisms of CO2 mineralization in nanoscale interfacial water films * : Mohammad Javad Abdolhosseini QomiMohammad Javad Abdolhosseini Qomi The calamitous impacts of unabated carbon emission from fossil- fuel-burning energy infrastructure call for accelerated development of large-scale CO2 capture, utilization, and storage technologies that are underpinned by a fundamental understanding of the chemical processes at a molecular level. Carbon Dioxide Emissions, Capture, Storage and Utilization: Review of Materials, Processes and Technologies Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is an essential component of mitigating climate change, which arguably presents an existential challenge to our planet. The article reviews the status of global CO2 emissions as well as carbon sources and sinks, and examines a broad range of major technologies, methodologies, processes, and materials for CO2 capture, discusses technology options for carbon capture from fossil fuel-based power generation, presents the challenges to storage, utilization and the global pricing of CO2, and finishes with an assessment of knowledge gaps, mitigation options and opportunities for advances. Carbon Mineralization: From Natural Analogues to Engineered Systems * : Ian M PowerIan M Power Carbon sequestration research and technology is motivated by concerns that increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations are causing changes to Earth's climate and ecosystems that have the potential to cause serious, negative impacts on human welfare (IPCC 2005, 2007). Further study of natural analogues may yield a better understanding of the reaction pathways required for efficient carbonation, the long-term stability of carbonate minerals at Earth's surface, and the monitoring required for long-term storage.
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researchgate.net
research
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/375792756_A_review_of_in_situ_carbon…
Published Time: 2023-11-20 (PDF) A review of in situ carbon mineralization in basalt A review of in situ carbon mineralization in basalt * Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering DOI:10.1016/j.jrmge.2023.11.010 * CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 Download full-text PDFRead full-text Global warming has greatly threatened the human living environment and carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology is recognized as a promising way to reduce carbon emissions. Carbon mineralization reactions also induce petrophysical and mechanical responses, which have potential risks for the long-term injectivity and the carbon storage safety in basalt reservoirs. The strong interaction between the dissolved cations and carbonyl O of the carboxylate radical was the first time to predicted, which could be useful to find reasonable additives to improve the mineral dissolution kinetics CO2 transport and carbonate precipitation in the coupled diffusion-reaction process during CO2 storage During geological CO2 storage and utilization, CO2 plume migration forms widespread static retention regions including the dead-end fractures and pores in the host rock, where the mass transfer is dominated by diffusion. Kinetics of enhanced magnesium carbonate formation for CO2 storage via mineralization at 200 °C * INT J GREENH GAS CON The precipitation of carbonate minerals through chemical reaction between injected CO2 and reactive basaltic rocks can enable a long-term carbon storage solution (carbon mineralization). This research provides new insights into the mechanism and kinetics of magnesite precipitation at mineral-fluid interfaces in a range of conditions, and can facilitate the deployment of carbon storage technologies and support defining strategies to accelerate underground CO2 mineralization in deep basalt reservoirs. ### Progress, challenges, and prospects of CO2 mineral sequestration in basalt: A critical review Carbon capture and storage (CCS) represents an effective method for addressing climate change. In previous studies, four major challenges of CO2 mineral sequestration in basalt have been identified: water consumption during the mineralization process, insufficient research on changes in basalt mechanical properties induced by mineralization, inaccurate parameters in the computational model, and a lack of effective reaction rate control methods. In this study, the carbon mineralization process in geological CO2 storage in basalt, sandstone, carbonate, and [...
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carboncredits.com
article
https://carboncredits.com/deep-sky-and-carbfix-make-history-with-co2-minerali…
Carbon CreditsDeep Sky and Carbfix Make History with CO2 Mineralization Storage in Canada. # Deep Sky and Carbfix Make History with CO2 Mineralization Storage in Canada. Deep Sky, a carbon removal project developer based in Montreal, and Carbfix, the world’s first operator of CO2 mineralization, have partnered to investigate CO2 mineral storage in Canada. Deep Sky, renowned for its commitment to developing cutting-edge environmental technologies aims to revolutionize carbon capture and storage practices with this groundbreaking project. Phil De Luna, Chief Carbon Scientist, Head of Engineering at Deep Sky noted,. *At Deep Sky, we’re constantly on the lookout for new technologies that can capture carbon dioxide from the air or the ocean. CO2 mineralization, also known as carbon capture and storage (CCS) through mineralization. Subsequently, reacting with minerals to form stable carbonates, effectively trapping the CO2 underground. The CO2 mineralization storage project will involve the following key steps:. Injection Process**: Injecting CO2 captured from industrial sources into the selected basaltic reservoirs at controlled pressures and temperatures to initiate the mineralization reaction. Monitoring and Verification**: Implementing rigorous monitoring and verification protocols to assess the effectiveness of CO2 mineralization, track carbon storage volumes, and ensure the long-term integrity of storage sites. Subsequently, this data will assess the formations’ potential for in-situ carbon mineralization and safe, permanent CO2 sequestration. The successful implementation of the Deep Sky-Carbfix CO2 mineralization storage project holds immense promise for addressing the global climate crisis. **Carbon Emission Reduction**: It can significantly reduce carbon emissions from industrial sources by capturing and storing CO2 in mineral form. The province’s geological heritage serves as a testament to the immense power of nature and a potential site for CO2 mineralization projects. “*Our partnership with Deep Sky demonstrates Carbfix’s dedication to pioneering sustainable value chains and solutions for safe and permanent carbon storage. By partnering with Carbfix, we believe Deep Sky has combined its innovative approach with the former’s state-of-the-art CO2 mineralization technology. **FURTHER READING**: Deep Sky & Mission Zero Partner to Turn Canada into A Carbon Removal Hub (carboncredits.com). India is preparing a major public funding push for carbon capture, utilization, and storage, also known as CCUS. As climate change intensifies, nations and industries are seeking innovative ways to cut carbon footprints.
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prism.sustainability-directory.com
article
https://prism.sustainability-directory.com/area/carbon-mineralization-monitor…
Carbon Mineralization Monitoring → Area → Prism → Sustainability Directory **Meaning** → Carbon Mineralization Monitoring involves systematically tracking the process where carbon dioxide chemically reacts with minerals, forming stable carbonate materials. This environmental surveillance is fundamental for verifying the effectiveness and permanence of carbon storage initiatives within natural geological formations or engineered materials. Its significance within sustainability lies in providing verifiable data on carbon sequestration, a key component of climate change mitigation strategies. **Etymology** → The term ‘Carbon Mineralization Monitoring’ linguistically combines distinct concepts. The composite term thus reflects the technical process of observing the transformation of carbon into stable mineral phases for environmental purposes. **Assesement** → Current assessment of carbon mineralization monitoring indicates it is a critical yet developing area for robust climate action. **Future** → The future trajectory of carbon mineralization monitoring anticipates significant advancements driven by technological innovation. Its expanded application is poised to underpin the credibility of geological storage and enhance the viability of mineral carbonation technologies as vital tools in achieving global climate goals. Meaning → Geological carbon sequestration monitoring systematically tracks injected CO2 underground to ensure long-term containment and verify storage integrity. ### Discover More * : Meaning → Geological carbon sequestration monitoring systematically tracks injected CO2 underground to ensure long-term containment and verify storage integrity.Geological Carbon Sequestration Monitoring Meaning → Geological carbon sequestration monitoring systematically tracks injected CO2 underground to ensure long-term containment and verify storage integrity. * : Meaning → Carbon Mineralization Pathways transform CO2 into stable minerals for permanent carbon storage, offering a robust climate change solution.Carbon Mineralization Pathways Meaning → Carbon Mineralization Pathways transform CO2 into stable minerals for permanent carbon storage, offering a robust climate change solution. * : Meaning → Carbon Mineralization Materials transform CO2 into stable minerals for permanent carbon storage, using waste or natural resources.Carbon Mineralization Materials Meaning → Carbon Mineralization Materials transform CO2 into stable minerals for permanent carbon storage, using waste or natural resources. * : Meaning → Mineralization carbon credits: certified units for permanent CO2 removal via accelerated rock reactions.Mineralization Carbon Credits Meaning → Mineralization carbon credits: certified units for permanent CO2 removal via accelerated rock reactions. Mineral Supply Chain Resilience Carbon Mineralization Minerals: powering tech, but chains brittle.
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climate.sustainability-directory.com
article
https://climate.sustainability-directory.com/question/what-are-long-term-effe…
Title: What Are Long Term Effects of Mineralization? → Question
> Natural mineralization acts as a long-term geological thermostat for the planet’s carbon cycle. The long-term effects of these engineered approaches extend beyond just carbon sequestration, touching upon land use, resource requirements, energy consumption, and potential ecological impacts. From an academic vantage point, the long-term effects of mineralization, both natural and engineered, represent a critical area of inquiry within Earth system science and climate change research. One particularly complex long-term effect involves the potential for large-scale enhanced weathering deployments to alter global biogeochemical cycles beyond carbon. > Accelerated mineralization’s long-term effects extend to altering global biogeochemical cycles and resource demands. Evaluating these effects requires a holistic, systems-thinking approach that considers the entire lifecycle of the process, from mining to deployment and long-term monitoring, within the broader context of climate change adaptation and sustainable development goals. The permanence of carbon storage offered by mineralization is a powerful draw, but it must be weighed against the potential for unintended long-term environmental and societal costs. Resistance → Inertia effects within sustainability denote the tendency of established systems, behaviors, and technologies to persist even when demonstrably suboptimal for long-term ecological and societal well-being.A landscape illustrates water contamination using a light blue stream flowing between piles of black rock indicating soil degradation and polluted runoff with harmful substances. Assessment → Mineralization project evaluation, within a sustainability framework, represents a systematic process for determining the viability of ventures focused on transforming mineral resources into usable materials, while simultaneously minimizing environmental impact and maximizing long-term societal benefits.A fractured pale green stone rests on a piece of earth highlighting environmental issues of unsustainable practices with geological textures from long durations in geologic time. Resilience → Nanotechnology’s enduring impact on environmental systems necessitates a comprehensive understanding of its potential long-term consequences, particularly as climate change intensifies existing vulnerabilities.A surreal composition captures the tension between spheres representing ecological harmony and dark shapes suggesting the consequences of climate change impacts. Resilience → Climate Effects Mitigation represents a strategic approach to lessening the adverse consequences of a changing climate, fundamentally linked to long-term ecological and societal well-being.A porous sphere with clear spikes sits atop a wooden base amidst wisps of vapor, symbolizing a planet threatened by climate change.