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wri.org
article
https://www.wri.org/insights/carbon-mineralization-carbon-removal
### **1) What is Carbon Mineralization?**. Carbon mineralization is a process that naturally occurs over hundreds or thousands of years in which certain minerals inside rocks react with atmospheric CO2 to create carbonates, solid minerals that securely remove and sequester CO2. Alkaline minerals within the rock powder react with ambient CO2, trapping it in solid carbonates. A key concern with scaling up carbon mineralization above ground is the need to increase mining to access large amounts of alkaline material, as well as grinding and transport — all of which require energy. Carbon removed through surficial mineralization, for example, is challenging to account for and monitor because oceans, coasts and soils, where mine tailings and crushed rocks are spread, are open systems (as compared to a closed-system DAC plant). Carbon mineralization presents significant potential as a carbon removal approach, within a larger suite of carbon removal and climate actions, to help reach global climate goals.
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pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
official
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9814416/
Carbon mineralization can reduce the mobility of elements of potential environmental concern, such as Zn, Cu, and Pb as amphoteric constituents
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netl.doe.gov
official
https://netl.doe.gov/carbon-management/carbon-storage/mineralization
# Carbon Mineralization. #### Carbon Mineralization Overview:. Carbon management can be achieved by permanently storing captured carbon in natural systems or other resources via carbon mineralization processes. Natural resources for carbon mineralization which are highly reactive with CO2 include natural brines and mafic/ultramafic rocks and minerals. The Carbon Mineralization Program is dedicated to developing resource assessments for carbon management focusing on:. Projects in the Carbon Mineralization Program support the resource assessments by:. | Carbon Mineralization Project Landing Pages | |. | Resource Assessment of Industrial Wastes for CO2 Mineralization | **University of North Dakota** |. | Subsurface Carbon Mineralization Resources in Hawaiian Basalt | **University of Hawaii** |. | Resource Assessment of Geological Formations and Mine Waste for Carbon Dioxide Mineralization in the US Mid-Atlantic | **Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University** |. | Subsurface Mafic and Ultramafic Rock Mapping and Analysis for Carbon Mineralization in the United States (Submap-CO2) | **University of Texas at Austin** |.
C
cleantech.com
article
https://cleantech.com/how-industrial-waste-is-enabling-carbon-mineralization/
Currently, natural mineralization can only sequester 0.7 GT of CO2 per year. Unfortunately, humans emit nearly 36 GT of excess CO2 emissions per
C
carbon-direct.com
article
https://www.carbon-direct.com/criteria/2025-edition/carbon-mineralization
Further, some industrial feedstocks can adversely impact ecosystems and communities unless repurposed for mineralization. For agricultural applications, please
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nature.com
article
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-31481-5
The experimental results suggest that the CO2 mineralization process reduced the overall mass of the sludge cake emissions by 25%. For each
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sciencedirect.com
article
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959652621042335
Direct aqueous carbonation, carbonation mixing and curing most promising. Utilizing pure CO2 might lead to a lower global warming impact than using diluted CO2.
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iee.psu.edu
research
https://iee.psu.edu/news/blog/carbon-sequestration-and-mineralization
In addition to green measures like upscaling renewables and improving energy efficiency, there is broad scientific consensus that large-scale carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) remains critical to limiting global temperature rise below 2°C. CCS involves capturing CO2 (from a point source or directly from the air); compressing and transporting it via a pipeline; and storing it deep underground, or utilizing it as a feedstock or agent in another industrial process. An illustration shows a cross section of the earth with injection wells deep underground where CO2 can either be trapped under overlying cap rock or mineralize. Carbon dioxide (CO2) injected into wells into porous rock layers thousands of feet below ground becomes trapped or mineralizes. Mineralization is the most secure form of carbon sequestration, as injected CO2 is naturally converted into a solid phase, preventing unwanted migration out of the storage complex. Penn State Institute of Energy and the Environment, Growing Impact: Underground carbon storage with a rock background. Growing Impact: Underground carbon storage.