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L
link.springer.com
article
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10894-023-00360-0
As the Duke Energy report acknowledges, that milestone depends on progress beyond proving the plasma physics work, namely integration of the fusion energy source with a practical commercial plant for energy generation and the demonstration of performance to commercial customers. Under this duality, commercialization of fusion energy requires parallel maturation of the technology and customer readiness (Fig. 1 below). A commercial fusion plant will require transfer of primary energy away from the plasma for conversion into heat, electricity or other desired product. The availability of the materials, components, skilled workforce, and qualified suppliers will constrain the rate and extent of commercial deployment of a new entrant technology like fusion, both in terms of the scarcity of unique supply chain elements that need to be established and the scarcity shared supply chain elements that need to be expanded to satisfy competing demand. While customers are not procuring fusion plants yet, electric utilities and other energy end-users and producers are looking for technology options that can meet growing future energy demands while also satisfying increasing constraints on natural resources and environmental impact.
S
sciencedirect.com
article
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0301421523000964
For fusion to be competitive beyond 2040, costs will likely need to be at or below ∼$80–100/MWh at 2020 price. This will be hard to achieve for early fusion
E
enlit.world
article
https://www.enlit.world/library/collaboration-critical-as-fusion-developers-p…
**In its *State of Energy Innovation 2026* report, the IEA highlights advances in sustained plasma operation in stellarators at high performance, demonstrating clear progress toward magnetic confinement fusion as one of the prominent advances from 2025.**. This is the first time a stellarator has matched – with a different fuel – the long-pulse performance levels previously associated with large tokamaks, the report points out, stating that most innovation effort in fusion currently is directed at the different approaches to confining the fusion plasma so that it can achieve ignition. It also notes that to date, fusion energy research has been notable for high levels of collaboration between public programmes, companies and different countries, which will continue to be essential through the next stages of testing and scale-up. The State of Energy Innovation 2026 report comments that with so many avenues of research and approaches to commercialising fusion energy, pinpointing just a few top priorities for governments and investors is difficult.
T
techconnectworld.com
article
https://www.techconnectworld.com/World2024/sym/Materials_Innovation_for_Comme…
| 9:15 | Perspectives on Fusion Supply Chain Challenges | National Harbor 7 |. | 1:30 | Confronting the Fusion Supply Chain Challenges: A Path Forward | National Harbor 7 |. | Traditional and Novel Supply Chain Constraints for the Growing Fusion Energy Industry C.P.S. Swanson, *Thea Energy, US* |. | 9:15 | Perspectives on Fusion Supply Chain Challenges |. | Building a fusion energy supply chain - results of the FIA 2024 Supply Chain Report A. | EPRI Perspectives on Developing and Deploying Advanced Manufacturing Methods and Materials in Support of a Robust Fusion and Advanced Energy System Supply Chain D. | Industrial Approach and Fusion Supply Chain in Japan K. | Supply Chain Challenges for the Commercialization of Fusion Energy A. | 1:30 | Confronting the Fusion Supply Chain Challenges: A Path Forward |. | Public-Private Partnerships in the Fusion Supply Chain Landscape J. | Building the fusion supply chain one company at a time: the New Mexico Energy Technology Incubator (NMETI) S.
K
kleinmanenergy.upenn.edu
research
https://kleinmanenergy.upenn.edu/research/publications/bringing-fusion-energy…
[Skip to Content](https://kleinmanenergy.upenn.edu/research/publications/bringing-fusion-energy-to-the-grid-challenges-and-pathways/#content). [Download PDF](https://kleinmanenergy.upenn.edu/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/KC-Digest-81-Bringing-Fusion-Energy-to-the-Grid.pdf). ](https://kleinmanenergy.upenn.edu/wp-content/plugins/a3-lazy-load/assets/images/lazy_placeholder.gif)](https://kleinmanenergy.upenn.edu/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/Fig-3.jpg)[](https://kleinmanenergy.upenn.edu/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/Fig-4.jpg). This category has over $2.5 billion in funding and 15 startups, such as TAE Technologies, Helion, and General Fusion.](https://kleinmanenergy.upenn.edu/wp-content/plugins/a3-lazy-load/assets/images/lazy_placeholder.gif)](https://kleinmanenergy.upenn.edu/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/Table-1-4.jpg). Historically, facilities like the [UR-LLE National Laser Users’ Facility](https://www.lle.rochester.edu/about-the-laboratory-for-laser-energetics/nluf/) (NLUF) program, the [DIII-D National Fusion Facility](https://science.osti.gov/fes/Facilities/User-Facilities/DIII-D), and Princeton’s [National Spherical Torus Experiment](https://science.osti.gov/fes/Facilities/User-Facilities/NSTX-U) have enabled hundreds of users to conduct experiments not possible at their home institutions, diffusing knowledge while harnessing national scientific ingenuity (U.S. Department of Energy 2024). “Promoting Fusion Energy Leadership with U.S. Tritium Production Capacity.” [_https://fas.org/publication/fusion-energy-leadership-tritium-capacity/_](https://fas.org/publication/fusion-energy-leadership-tritium-capacity/). “Major Funding Milestone for World-First Prototype Fusion Plant.” [_https://www.gov.uk/government/news/25-billion-for-world-first-prototype-fusion-energy-plant_](https://www.gov.uk/government/news/25-billion-for-world-first-prototype-fusion-energy-plant). “U.S. Department of Energy Announces Selectees for $107 Million Fusion Innovation Research Engine Collaboratives, and Progress in Milestone Program Inspired by NASA.” _[https://www.energy.gov/articles/us-department-energy-announces-selectees-107-million-fusion-innovation-research-engine](https://www.energy.gov/articles/us-department-energy-announces-selectees-107-million-fusion-innovation-research-engine)_. [More…](https://kleinmanenergy.upenn.edu/research/publications/bringing-fusion-energy-to-the-grid-challenges-and-pathways/#addtoany "Show all").
R
re.public.polimi.it
article
https://re.public.polimi.it/bitstream/11311/1249725/2/Fusion%20Paper%20R1%20f…
There have been a handful of studies (introduced below) that have previously estimated the cost of fusion energy, which mostly rely on some combination of data from ITER; the PROCESS fusion reactor design code originally developed by what is now UKAEA [40]; and, in the US, models produced in 1980s and updated recently in Ref. We investigate the effect of discount rate, power scaling effects and economy of multiples. Considering the Advanced Small technology option, fusion energy cost of 75 units is in the region of $101-145/MWh – a range that is comparable to 10 units of Advanced Large and also the energy cost of LWR fission reactors. Nevertheless, for fusion to be competitive beyond 2040 with renewables costs including back-up for reliability, generation costs will need to be at or below $80-100/MWh. These low energy costs will be hard to achieve for the early technology large fusion designs considered here even with the reduced capital costs from production learning.
G
gao.gov
official
https://www.gao.gov/products/gao-23-105813
Public sector efforts prioritize basic science, but fusion energy development requires an additional emphasis on technology and engineering research. Doing so may require significant public engagement, but little is known about public perception of fusion energy in the U.S. GAO developed four policy options that could help address these challenges or enhance the benefits of fusion energy. 34)** Implementation approaches: *Support facilities that address scientific and engineering challenges* *Support workforce development* *Assess sources of critical supplies and manufacturing capabilities* | * Could help fill critical research gaps on the path to fusion energy commercialization. GAO conducted a technology assessment on (1) the status, potential benefits, and limitations of fusion energy, (2) challenges that might affect the development or use of fusion energy, (3) policy options that might help enhance the benefits or mitigate challenges associated with fusion energy.
C
congress.gov
official
https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/R48866
16 , https://www.nationalacademies.org/read/13371/chapter/1 .")This approach is used, for example, in the National Ignition Facility (NIF) at the Department of Energy (DOE) Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.20While the NIF is intended primarily for research to improve stewardship of the U.S. nuclear weapons stockpile (see "DOE Weapons Programs Research Related to Fusion"), it ha s also demonstrat ed fusion ignition several times, beginning i n December 2022.21 Although each ignition lasted for less than one nanosecond,these demonstrations ha ve increased interest in inertial confinement designs for future power plants.22According to some experts, for lasers to be used in a commercial power plant, they would need to be more efficient and have higher repetition rates than current models. For example, the DOE Advanced Research Projects Agency–Energy (ARPA-E) also supports some fusion energy projects,54 , Power Generation: Nuclear Fusion , 2025 , https://arpa-e.energy.gov/programs-and-initiatives/search-all-projects/complexion-engineered-nanocrystalline-tungsten-alloy-plasma-facing-materials-long-pulse-tokamak-operation .") along with other projects across the full range of energy technologies.