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U
understand-energy.stanford.edu
research
https://understand-energy.stanford.edu/energy-resources/nuclear-energy/fusion
Check out our Energy Spotlight on Fusion! #### Fusion Fuel is Extremely Energy Dense\*. Creates plasma and fusion with very quick bursts of energy imploding a fuel-filled target, typically using high-powered lasers:. We strongly encourage you to review the **Essential** videos and readings before watching our lecture on Fusion Energy. * Will Fusion Energy Help Decarbonize the Power System?. *A concise explanation of the December 2022 advancement in inertial confinement fusion energy generation.*. * Building Trust in Fusion Energy. These are our Stanford University Understand Energy course lectures on fusion. 03:48 What is Fusion? 07:27 How to Harness Fusion Energy. * International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Fusion. * **The Fusion Triple Product, Temperature:** U.S. Fusion Energy. * **The Fusion Triple Product, Plasma Density:** U.S. Fusion Energy. * **Fusion Energy Confinement:** Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). Nuclear Fusion News: The Science Behind the Energy Technology, Explained. * **Drivers and Barriers:** UK Atomic Energy Authority, Culham Center for Fusion Energy. Safeguards for Fusion Energy Systems.
I
iaea.org
news
http://www.iaea.org/newscenter/news/nuclear-fusion-basics
Fusion, a form of nuclear energy generated when light-weight atoms fuse, is the process at work in every star´s core, releasing an enormous amount of energy. Fusion, a form of nuclear energy generated when light-weight atoms fuse, is the process at work in every star´s core, releasing an enormous amount of energy. For more than 50 years, energy has been generated in nuclear power plants through fission, a process in which heavy elements such as uranium are bombarded by neutrons releasing heat in the process. In fusion reactors, light atomic nuclei are compressed under intense pressure and heat to form heavier ones and release energy in the process. The main fuels used in nuclear fusion are deuterium and tritium, both heavy isotopes of hydrogen. The potential advantages of nuclear fusion energy are manifold, as it represents a long-term, sustainable, economic and safe energy source for electricity generation.
R
reddit.com
article
https://www.reddit.com/r/fusion/comments/zmd2pk/how_would_fusion_reactors_con…
General consensus is heat transfer in a turbine (I imagine using water like a fission reactor), but some startups are finding other creative ways to generate
W
weforum.org
article
https://www.weforum.org/stories/2026/02/nuclear-fusion-science-explained/
The buzz around nuclear [fusion energy is continuing to build](https://www.fusionindustryassociation.org/news/fusion-in-the-news/), moving science closer to reaching the 'holy grail' of generating a virtually inexhaustible supply of emission-free energy. Per kilogram of fuel, fusion could produce [nearly four million times](https://www.iaea.org/publications/reports/annual-report/2023/in-focus/fusion-energy) more energy than coal or oil, the International Atomic Energy Agency says. In May 2025, [energy turnover was raised to 1.8 gigajoules](https://www.world-nuclear-news.org/articles/wendelstein-7-x-sets-new-fusion-performance-records). Pacific Fusion raised $900 million in Series A funding last year, while Helion – a startup backed by OpenAI's Sam Altman and SoftBank – has also received additional funding and begun construction of its plant slated to [supply power to Microsoft's data centres from 2028](https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/helion-energy-starts-construction-nuclear-fusion-plant-power-microsoft-data-2025-07-30/). At Davos 2026, Francesco Sciortino, Co-Founder & CEO of Proxima Fusion, another competitor in the fusion race, said that [the goal of all these companies is to develop](https://www.weforum.org/meetings/world-economic-forum-annual-meeting-2026/sessions/race-for-fusion/) "reactor concepts that are not just experiments but are trying to actually target energy production". In its final experiment later that year, it achieved [a record 69 MJ on just 0.2 milligrams of fuel](https://www.world-nuclear-news.org/articles/new-world-record-set-in-jet-s-final-fusion-experim).
W
world-nuclear.org
article
https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/current-and-future-generation/n…
In the USA, at Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, where the first stellarators were built in 1951, construction on the NCSX stellerator was abandoned in 2008 due to cost overruns and lack of funding[2](https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/current-and-future-generation/nuclear-fusion-power#References "See Reference 2")[](https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/current-and-future-generation/nuclear-fusion-power). In the USA, the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (TFTR) operated at the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL) from 1982 to 1997.[d](https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/current-and-future-generation/nuclear-fusion-power#Notes "See Note d")[](https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/current-and-future-generation/nuclear-fusion-power) In December 1993, TFTR became the first magnetic fusion device to perform extensive experiments with plasmas composed of D-T. Using its 192 laser beams, NIF is able to deliver more than 60 times the energy of any previous laser system to its target[e](https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/current-and-future-generation/nuclear-fusion-power#Notes "See Note e")[](https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/current-and-future-generation/nuclear-fusion-power). d. The Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory has a webpage on TFTR[[Back](https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/current-and-future-generation/nuclear-fusion-power#d "Back")]. 1. Fusion Research: An Energy Option for Europe's Future, Directorate-General for Research, European Commission, 2007 (ISBN: 9279005138) [[Back](https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/current-and-future-generation/nuclear-fusion-power#Notes_of_b "Back")]. 4. LIFE: Clean Energy from Nuclear Waste page on Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory website (www.llnl.gov) [[Back](https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/current-and-future-generation/nuclear-fusion-power#4 "Back")].
F
fire.pppl.gov
official
https://fire.pppl.gov/energy_eu_wec01.pdf
Heating Fuel Injection Plasma Divertor Pump Isotope Separation Plant Blanket Steam Generator Turbine Generator Magnets Cryo-System Figure III: Flow chart for a future fusion reactor: fuel (brown), electrical power (yellow), heat (red), neutron (grey), mechanical power (black) and cooled helium (blue). 19 [36] ICRP Publication 60, Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection, 1990, Pergamon Press [37] FDR Safety Assessment, Cahpter IV in Technical Basis for the ITER Final Design Report, Cost Review and Safety Analysis (FDR), IAEA, Vienna, 1998 [38] Cook et al, The Safety and Environmental Impact of Commercial Fusion Power Stations, to be published by the European Commission [39] Pigou, Wealth and Welfare, 1912 [40] ExternE, Externalities of Energy, Vol. 1, Summary, EUR 16520 EN, 1995 [41] Sáez et al., Externalities of the Fusion Fuel Cycle, CIEMAT, 1999 [42] Grübler, Technology and Global Change, IIASA 1998 [43] Ausubel et al., Carbon Dioxide Emissions in a Methane Economy, Climate Change 12 (1988), 245-263 [44] Nakicenovic et al.
E
energy.gov
official
https://www.energy.gov/science/doe-explainsfusion-reactions
Depiction of the deuterium (D) and tritium (T) fusion reaction, which produces a helium nucleus (or alpha particle) and a high energy neutron. Depiction of the deuterium (D) and tritium (T) fusion reaction, which produces a helium nucleus (or alpha particle) and a high energy neutron. However, researchers working on fusion energy applications are especially interested in deuterium-tritium (DT) fusion. ## DOE Office of Science Contributions to Fusion Research. The Department of Energy Office of Science, Fusion Energy Sciences (FES) program seeks to develop a practical fusion energy source. They work with the Advanced Scientific Computing Research program to use scientific computing to advance fusion science as well as the Nuclear Physics program on nuclear reaction databases, generation of nuclear isotopes, and research in nucleosynthesis. It also describes how these concepts apply to the work that the Department of Energy’s Office of Science conducts as it helps the United States excel in research across the scientific spectrum.*.
I
iter.org
article
https://www.iter.org/fusion-energy/making-it-work
* [FAQs](https://www.iter.org/node/12007). * [Subscribe](https://www.iter.org/fusion-energy/making-it-work#) ## Subscribe to the newsletter. * [FAQs](https://www.iter.org/node/12007). * [Fusion Energy](https://www.iter.org/fusion-energy/what-fusion "Bringing a star to Earth? * [What is Fusion?](https://www.iter.org/fusion-energy/what-fusion). * [Making it Work](https://www.iter.org/fusion-energy/making-it-work). * [Advantages of Fusion](https://www.iter.org/fusion-energy/advantages-fusion). * [60 Years of Progress](https://www.iter.org/fusion-energy/60-years-progress). * [ITER Goals](https://www.iter.org/fusion-energy/what-will-iter-do). * [International Tokamak Research](https://www.iter.org/fusion-energy/international-tokamak-research). * [After ITER](https://www.iter.org/fusion-energy/after-iter). * [Fusion Glossary](https://www.iter.org/fusion-glossary). * [What is a Tokamak?](https://www.iter.org/machine/what-tokamak). * [FAQs](https://www.iter.org/node/12007). * [Education](https://www.iter.org/public/education/join-quest-fusion-energy). * [Fusion Glossary](https://www.iter.org/fusion-glossary). * [Conferences](https://www.iter.org/node/9967). * [FAQs](https://www.iter.org/node/12007). * [Subscribe](https://www.iter.org/fusion-energy/making-it-work#) ## Subscribe to the newsletter. [](https://www.iter.org/search). In ITER, fusion will be achieved in a[tokamak](https://www.iter.org/mach/Tokamak)device that uses magnetic fields to contain and control the hot plasma. . [Fusion | Turning neutrons into electricity](https://www.iter.org/node/20687/turning-neutrons-electricity). Not without control engineering](https://www.iter.org/node/20687/sustained-nuclear-fusion-not-without-control-engineering). [Why "plasma"?](https://www.iter.org/node/20687/why-plasma). ](https://www.iter.org/fusion-energy/what-fusion). ](https://www.iter.org/sites/default/files/styles/responsive_300w/public/media/2024-02/t1_1_no-caption.jpg.webp?itok=pfS50jWf)](https://www.iter.org/fusion-energy/60-years-progress). Image générée par ordinateur.](https://www.iter.org/sites/default/files/styles/responsive_300w/public/media/2024-02/poster-2016-27-09-2023-edit-2_no-logo.jpg.webp?itok=4wnnp18h)](https://www.iter.org/fusion-energy/what-will-iter-do). * [FAQs](https://www.iter.org/node/12007). * [Fusion Energy](https://www.iter.org/fusion-energy/what-fusion "Bringing a star to Earth? * [What is Fusion?](https://www.iter.org/fusion-energy/what-fusion). * [Making it Work](https://www.iter.org/fusion-energy/making-it-work). * [Advantages of Fusion](https://www.iter.org/fusion-energy/advantages-fusion). * [60 Years of Progress](https://www.iter.org/fusion-energy/60-years-progress). * [ITER Goals](https://www.iter.org/fusion-energy/what-will-iter-do). * [International Tokamak Research](https://www.iter.org/fusion-energy/international-tokamak-research). * [After ITER](https://www.iter.org/fusion-energy/after-iter). * [Fusion Glossary](https://www.iter.org/fusion-glossary). * [FAQs](https://www.iter.org/node/12007). * [Education](https://www.iter.org/public/education/join-quest-fusion-energy). * [Fusion Glossary](https://www.iter.org/fusion-glossary). * [Conferences](https://www.iter.org/node/9967).