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missionzero.tech article

Geological carbon storage: How it works and why it matters

https://www.missionzero.tech/lab-notes/geological-carbon-storage

This is where geological carbon storage comes in — offering a secure, long-term means to lock CO₂ deep underground in natural rock formations for thousands of years. Geological carbon storage involves injecting CO₂ into deep underground rock formations where it can be safely stored for thousands or even millions of years. But when it comes to storing the billions of tonnes of CO₂ we need to remove from the atmosphere, geological storage of carbon dioxide offers something unique: the ability to handle massive volumes safely, affordably, and permanently. ‍ *At Deep Sky's carbon removal hub, our technology has enabled North America's first geological storage of CO₂ captured directly from the atmosphere.*. Natural gas has sat underground for millions of years using the same geological principles — once CO₂ is trapped, the closed environment and impermeable caprock barriers provide durable, long-term security. Our third deployment with Deep Sky in Canada demonstrates this combination in action: capturing CO₂ directly from the atmosphere and delivering it for secure geological carbon storage.

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carboncapturecoalition.org article

Geologic Storage's Role in Scaling Carbon Management

https://carboncapturecoalition.org/blog/geologic-storages-role-in-scaling-car…

* *Federal and state authorities* are central to ensuring safe and permanent geologic storage in saline formations through a robust system of monitoring, verification, and reporting, overseen by the US Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) Underground Injection Control (UIC) Program for Class VI injection wellsor by states that have been delegated primary enforcement authority – or primacy – over Class VI wells. To tap into these domestic geologic storage opportunities and develop carbon storage to climate-scale,  carbon management projects must comply with federal regulations at the US EPA or relevant state agency who has authority over geologic storage. Project developers looking to store CO2 securely and permanently underground must receive permits for Class VI wells and are unable to move forward on developing carbon storage projects and injecting captured carbon into the ground until they receive necessary approvals from EPA or the relevant state, territory, or tribe that’s been granted primary enforcement authority, referred to as primacy, by EPA over these well applications.

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epa.gov official

[PDF] Carbon Dioxide Capture and Geologic Storage - EPA

https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2015-05/documents/act_2007_02_battell…

56 Future Scale of CCS Deployment and the Path Forward Section 4 57 59 APPENDIX 1 Acronyms and Abbreviations bbl Barrel, as in barrels of oil CCS Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage CO2 Carbon Dioxide CT Combustion Turbine DSF Deep Saline Formation ECAR East Central Area Reliability Coordination Agreement ECBM Enhanced Coalbed Methane Recovery EOR Enhanced Oil Recovery ERCOT Electric Reliability Council of Texas, Inc. ft bgs Feet Below Ground Surface, a measure of depth GHG Greenhouse Gas GtCO2 109 tons (a gigaton) of CO2 = 1015 grams of CO2 (a petagram) = billion tons of CO2 GTSP Global Energy Technology Strategy Program IGCC Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle power plant IGCC+CCS An Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle power plant that also includes all of the necessary systems needed for Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage MMV Measurement, Monitoring and Verification MtCO2 106 tons (a megaton) of CO2 = million tons of CO2 MW Megawatt NGCC Natural Gas Combined Cycle power plant NGCC+CCS Natural Gas Combined Cycle power plant that also includes all of the necessary systems needed for Carbon Dioxide Cap-ture and Storage NO x Nitrogen Oxides (formed during the combustion of fossil fuels) O&M Operating and Maintenance PC Pulverized Coal power plant ppm Parts Per Million psi Pounds per square inch SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition System SERC Southeastern Electric Reliability Council, Inc. SO2 Sulfur Dioxide (formed during the combustion of fossil fuels) tCO2 Ton of CO2 UNFCCC United Nations

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ager.yandypress.com article

Advances in monitoring technologies for CO₂ geological storage: A review from the laboratory to field-scale applications | Advances in Geo-Energy Research

https://ager.yandypress.com/index.php/2207-9963/article/view/691

# Advances in monitoring technologies for CO₂ geological storage: A review from the laboratory to field-scale applications. Furthermore, this review highlights several global carbon capture and storage demonstration projects to illustrate the integration and performance of various monitoring technologies in practical engineering. To ensure the efficiency and safety of CO₂ geological storage in the future, it is necessary to develop advanced monitoring technologies, such as optical fiber sensing and promoting the integrated deployment of multi-modal monitoring systems. Advances in monitoring technologies for CO₂ geological storage: A review from the laboratory to field-scale applications. CO₂ geological storage, CO₂ leakage, monitoring, optical fiber sensing technology. Influence of chemical, mechanical, and transport processes on wellbore leakage from geologic CO2 storage reservoirs. A critical review of distributed fiber optic sensing applied to geologic carbon dioxide storage. Time-lapse gravity monitoring technology and prospects for carbon dioxide geological storage. Advances in monitoring technologies for CO₂ geological storage: A review from the laboratory to field-scale applications.

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