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L
large.stanford.edu
research
http://large.stanford.edu/courses/2013/ph241/kadribasic2/
Combining these two nuclei at very high temperatures and pressures produces a neutron, a helium nucleus, and a lot energy that heats the surrounding plasma. Magnetic confinement uses magnets to confine the plasma into a toroid where the nuclear reactions take place. [3] It uses magnetic fields to confine the plasma, which means that such a design could become more relevant of the two in the near future. Fusion reactors such as the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor ITER use a tokamak, which is a combination of magnets that make a toroidal field and poloidal field. Probably the most commonsense consideration is that the plasma- facing materials need to be able to withstand the extremely high temperatures produced by the fusion reaction. Thus, not only can the material not melt, it needs to have a low enough vapor pressure at high temperatures to avoid contaminating the plasma. These include using materials that have extremely high heat tolerances and have as little negative impact on the plasma as possible.
S
suli.pppl.gov
official
https://suli.pppl.gov/2019/thursday/Maingi_SULI_11July2019.pdf
4 Fusion is a Nuclear Process in which Light Nuclei Fuse into Heavier Ones • During fusion, a small part of the reactant mass is converted to energy through Einstein’s equation: E=mc2 5 Stellar Fusion is a Naturally Occurring Example • Shown at right is the proton-proton chain, dominant in our sun 6 Fusion between deuterium and tritium is the one used in reactor designs Internal heating Tritium replenishment Li Electricity Hydrogen 7 For Conventional Fusion, Atomic Nuclei Must Collide at High Energy • High energy input is required – Atoms heated to high temperatures – Electrons break free from nuclei – Free electrons, ions form a plasma which has ~ zero net charge • Examples: lightning, aurora, fluorescent lights, sun, magnetosphere • Plasma ions must be heated enough to overcome the longer-range electric repulsion force • Ions must be close-enough for nuclear attraction force to dominate Net force How hot does the plasma need to be for fusion?
I
inplainenglishpod.org
article
https://inplainenglishpod.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/huang2018.pdf
In this paper, the main developments of magnetic confinement fusion with emphasis on confinement systems as well as challenges of materials related to superconducting magnet and plasma-facing components are reviewed. Keywords fusion energy, magnetic confinement, tokamak, structural material, superconducting magnet 1 Introduction The development of human civilization depends on the utilization of energy production and the sustainable development of modern society requires environmentally friendly solutions for energy production. 3 Challenges of materials 3.1 Superconducting materials and structural materials of magnet In magnetic confinement fusion designs, superconducting magnets are used to generate the magnetic fields that confine high temperature plasma. Since the output power density of magnetic confinement fusion depends on the magnetic field strength B to the power 4, high field superconducting magnets are always desired for a high-performance fusion reactor. Magnetic confinement fusion 7 Related research of plasma-facing components has been delayed because of historical lack of a fusion-relevant neutron source for materials testing.
E
en.wikipedia.org
article
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_confinement_fusion
| Devices, experiments | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Magnetic confinement | | | | | | | | | | | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Tokamak | | | | | --- | --- | | International | * ITER * DEMO * PROTO "PROTO (fusion reactor)") | | Americas | * Tokamak de Varennes * STOR-M "Plasma Physics Laboratory (Saskatchewan)") * Alcator C-Mod * ARC + SPARC "SPARC (tokamak)") * DIII-D "DIII-D (tokamak)") * Electric Tokamak * LTX * NSTX + PLT + TFTR * Pegasus * Riggatron * SSPX * ETE "ETE (tokamak)") * TCABR "Tokamak Chauffage Alfvén Brésilien (TCABR)") * Novillo&action=edit&redlink=1 "Novillo (tokamak) (page does not exist)") [es] | | Asia, Oceania | * CFETR * EAST + HT-7 * HH70 * HL-2A * HL-2M * SUNIST * ADITYA "ADITYA (tokamak)") * SST-1 "SST-1 (tokamak)") * JT-60 * QUEST") [ja] * GLAST "GLAST (tokamak)") * KSTAR * TT-1 | | Europe | * JET * COMPASS * GOLEM") [cs] * TFR * WEST "WEST (formerly Tore Supra)") * ASDEX Upgrade * TEXTOR * DTT * FTU * IGNITOR * ISTTOK * T-15 "T-15 (reactor)") * TCV * MAST-U * START * STEP | | | Stellarator |
P
peaknano.com
article
https://www.peaknano.com/blog/magnetic-confinement-fusion-explained-history-c…
The principle behind MCF is grounded in charged particle motion. Plasmas naturally follow magnetic field lines. Under the right magnetic
I
iopscience.iop.org
article
https://iopscience.iop.org/book/mono/978-0-7503-3307-8/chapter/bk978-0-7503-3…
The present chapter overviews the basic physics of controlled nuclear fusion devices which employ magnetic confinement.
W
www-pub.iaea.org
article
https://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/Publications/PDF/PUB1945_web.pdf
In principle, fusion could generate four times more energy per kilogram of fuel than fission and nearly four million times more energy than burning oil and coal
S
sciencedirect.com
article
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/edited-volume/abs/pii/B97800810…
The basis for thermonuclear power engineering is nuclear fusion, which occurs when deuterium, tritium and helium-3 nuclei collide and fuse together.