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suli.pppl.gov
official
https://suli.pppl.gov/2020/course/Garrison-Fusion%20materials-v3-share.pdf
www.orau.org/ornl Fusion structural materials 5 5 Requirements for Fusion • For fusion – High enough energy – High enough confinement time – High enough particle density 6 6 Small scale devices are easily capable of causing fusion reactions Me as a graduate student next to a fusion-producing device at the University of Wisconsin Taylor Wilson -Started making IEC fusion devices in his garage at age 14 IEC=inertial electrostatic confinement is one method of creating fusion reactions in a lab http://www.sciradioactive.com/fusiongallery/ 7 7 Requirements for Fusion • For fusion – High enough energy – High enough confinement time – High enough particle density • For power reactor, additionally – Create fusion efficiently so that (power in)<(power out) – Sustain the fusion reaction (steady state or pulsed) over ~years with minimal maintenance periods – Capture the generated energy to produce electricity All these challenges require materials innovation Easy 8 8 Conceptual Idea of a Tokamak https://eswrenewableenergystudy.wordpress.com/2012/04/ 9 9 A real experiment reactor is much more complicated than the concept • A power reactor will have even more systems and more harsh conditions than ITER http://www.iter.org/mach I visited the ITER site 10 10 Fusion Materials: Fact or Fiction • Iron Man’s arc reactor – https://www.youtube.com/watch?
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large.stanford.edu
research
http://large.stanford.edu/courses/2013/ph241/kadribasic2/
Combining these two nuclei at very high temperatures and pressures produces a neutron, a helium nucleus, and a lot energy that heats the surrounding plasma. Magnetic confinement uses magnets to confine the plasma into a toroid where the nuclear reactions take place. [3] It uses magnetic fields to confine the plasma, which means that such a design could become more relevant of the two in the near future. Fusion reactors such as the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor ITER use a tokamak, which is a combination of magnets that make a toroidal field and poloidal field. Probably the most commonsense consideration is that the plasma- facing materials need to be able to withstand the extremely high temperatures produced by the fusion reaction. Thus, not only can the material not melt, it needs to have a low enough vapor pressure at high temperatures to avoid contaminating the plasma. These include using materials that have extremely high heat tolerances and have as little negative impact on the plasma as possible.
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theconversation.com
article
https://theconversation.com/to-make-nuclear-fusion-a-reliable-energy-source-o…
# **To make nuclear fusion a reliable energy source one day, scientists will first need to design heat‑ and radiation‑resilient materials**. I’m a nuclear engineer who studies materials that scientists could use in fusion reactors. So to one day make fusion a feasible energy source, reactors will need to be built with materials that can survive the heat and irradiation generated by fusion reactions. In the D-T fusion reaction, two hydrogen isotopes, deuterium and tritium, fuse and produce a helium atom and a high-energy neutron. To keep the plasma hot and condensed and create a reaction that can keep going, you need special materials making up the reactor walls. The breeding blanket makes up the first layer of the plasma chamber walls and contains lithium that reacts with the neutrons generated in the fusion reaction to produce tritium. As the quest for commercial fusion energy continues, scientists will need to engineer more resilient materials.
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recherche-expertise.asnr.fr
article
https://recherche-expertise.asnr.fr/sites/default/files/documents/larecherche…
The purpose of this document is to present some considerations on the safety and radiation protection issues that should be examined from the design stage of “
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sciencedirect.com
article
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/fusion-reactor
Fusion–fission hybrid reactor is aiming to combine the neutron-rich characteristics of fusion reactor with the energy-rich characteristics of fission reactor, which is a subcritical nuclear reactor consisting of a fusion core surrounded by fission blankets. Many concepts of hybrid reactors using fusion neutrons to transmute nuclear wastes and breed fissile nuclides have been developed since the advent of controllable nuclear fusion. Fusion-driven subcritical system for spent fuel burning (FDS-SFB) is a hybrid reactor concept based on FDS-I and used for nuclear waste transmutation, fissile fuel breeding, and energy production. In 1974, LLNL and Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) jointly designed a hybrid reactor using the standard mirror fusion reactor with a gas-cooled blanket to produce energy. In 2009, LLNL proposed a hybrid reactor with laser ICF core to produce energy and burn nuclear waste, called laser inertial fusion engine (LIFE). The high energy neutrons from a fusion reactor can be used to cause fission in fertile subcritical blanket which can contain either 238U or 232Th which in turn produces fissile Plutonium or 233U.
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nrc.gov
official
https://www.nrc.gov/docs/ML2227/ML22273A163.pdf
future technologies, including associated hazards and potential significance to public health and safety and the common defense and security Consistency with the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, as amended (AEA) and Commission regulations and policy Framework scalability from current research and development facilities to expected commercial fusion energy systems Consistency with the National Materials Program Radiological and nonradiological hazards associated with operations and radioactive material inventories for a variety of designs Ability to leverage existing requirements that can legally and technically encompass proposed fusion energy systems and associated hazards Applicability and flexibility in certain programmatic areas (e.g., financial protection (Price-Anderson), foreign investment, licensing process) Legislative and Regulatory Considerations The NRC staff has continued its assessment of the appropriate regulatory and legal framework for fusion energy systems, building on the analysis presented in SECY-09-0064, of Fusion-Based Power Generation Devices, dated April 20, 2009 (ML092230171).
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medium.com
article
https://medium.com/extantia-capital/what-does-it-take-to-build-a-commercial-h…
Technology & engineering challenges · 1. Physical prototyping costs and duration are high. · 2. The initial energy required to kickstart nuclear
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pubs.aip.org
article
https://pubs.aip.org/aip/pop/article/22/7/070901/264353/Designing-a-tokamak-f…
The purpose of this paper is to bridge the gap between fusion reactor design and plasma physics. The main goal is to show how plasma physics directly impacts