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W
wri.org
article
https://www.wri.org/insights/carbon-mineralization-carbon-removal
### **1) What is Carbon Mineralization?**. Carbon mineralization is a process that naturally occurs over hundreds or thousands of years in which certain minerals inside rocks react with atmospheric CO2 to create carbonates, solid minerals that securely remove and sequester CO2. Alkaline minerals within the rock powder react with ambient CO2, trapping it in solid carbonates. A key concern with scaling up carbon mineralization above ground is the need to increase mining to access large amounts of alkaline material, as well as grinding and transport — all of which require energy. Carbon removed through surficial mineralization, for example, is challenging to account for and monitor because oceans, coasts and soils, where mine tailings and crushed rocks are spread, are open systems (as compared to a closed-system DAC plant). Carbon mineralization presents significant potential as a carbon removal approach, within a larger suite of carbon removal and climate actions, to help reach global climate goals.
C
ceclab.seas.upenn.edu
research
https://ceclab.seas.upenn.edu/page/mineral-carbonation
Engineered carbon mineralization emulates and accelerates natural rock weathering, whereby calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) silicate minerals react with carbon dioxide dissolved in water to form calcium and magnesium carbonate minerals that are stable on geologic timescales. *Ex situ* carbon mineralization can be done with silicate rocks and even alkaline industrial byproducts.4 Calcium and magnesium are found in many other materials that are often considered the 'wastes' of industrial processes: mining wastes, steel slag, air pollution control residue, fly ash, and many other industrial wastes are abundant in magnesium and/or calcium and can be used as feedstocks for *ex situ* mineralization processes. At the Clean Energy Conversions Lab, we research carbon mineralization as a method of carbon storage in two projects: the first project loops Mg and Ca oxides that are highly reactive with CO2 to conduct direct air capture;5 the second leaches calcium and magnesium from mining wastes from carbonates.6 Our research into carbon mineralization extends beyond the lab as we consider how economics, mapping, life cycle assessments, and US policy can help deploy carbon mineralization on a broad scale.
E
energy.gov
official
https://www.energy.gov/hgeo/carbon-mineralization-pathway
A **.gov** website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. # Carbon Mineralization Pathway. The Carbon Conversion program’s mineralization pathway focuses on the development of CO2 conversion technologies in which CO2 mineralizes with alkaline reactants to produce inorganic materials such as synthetic aggregates, bicarbonates, and associated building materials. Additional priorities are to integrate CO2 capture with mineral carbonation technologies and investigate additional alkaline sources for mineralization, such as mining wastes and produced waters. The current project portfolio includes approaches that generate a wide variety of products, including precipitated calcium carbonate, precast concrete products, multi-functional concrete, and construction materials. Product focus areas for the Carbon Mineralization Pathway. In contrast, carbonates are even lower in energy than CO2, which minimizes the energy needed to form them. When CO2 is incorporated into the production of cement and aggregate, forming carbonates, it is not necessary to add energy to overcome thermodynamic constraints. Carbon upcycling produces higher-performance concrete products that effectively utilize CO2 generated by power or industrial facilities.
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sciencedirect.com
article
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844023103434
## Heliyon. # Review article A review of carbon mineralization mechanism during geological CO2 storage. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23135Get rights and content. The CO2 trap mechanisms during carbon capture and storage (CCS) are classified into structural, residual, solution, and mineral traps. The latter is considered as the most permanent and stable storage mechanism as the injected CO2 is stored in solid form by the carbon mineralization. In this study, the carbon mineralization process in geological CO2 storage in basalt, sandstone, carbonate, and shale are reviewed. In addition, relevant studies related to the carbon mineralization mechanisms, and suggestions for future research directions are proposed. The carbon mineralization is defined as the conversion of CO2 into stable carbon minerals by reacting with divalent cations such as Ca2+, Mg2+, or Fe2+. Rock properties such as permeability, porosity, and rock strength can be altered by the carbon mineralization. Since changes of the properties are directly related to injectivity, storage capacity, and stability during the geological CO2 storage, the carbon mineralization mechanism should be considered for an optimal CCS design.
K
klimate.co
article
https://www.klimate.co/carbon-removal/methods/microbial-carbon-mineralisation
Microbial carbon mineralisation (MCM) is a geochemical carbon removal method that involves adding microorganisms to agricultural fields to accelerate the sequestration of atmospheric CO₂. These microbes grow alongside plant roots, safely and durably storing carbon in the form of carbonate minerals. Microbial carbon mineralisation is a novel carbon removal method that works alongside plants to take up carbon and store it securely in mineral form. As healthy plants grow, they take in carbon via photosynthesis and transport it down into the roots, releasing it into the surrounding soil. Microbes grow alongside crops and accelerate the transformation of carbon produced by the crops into a stable, mineral form of carbon in the soil. The stable carbon stored in minerals is transported deeper into the soil where it will remain unless major disturbances occur. This process occurs naturally, but the microbes added to the soil accelerate it, promoting efficient carbon sequestration. These microbes grow with the crop root resulting in stable minerals that securely store carbon.
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nature.com
article
https://www.nature.com/articles/s42004-021-00461-x
Carbon mineralization is a versatile and thermodynamically downhill process that can be harnessed for capturing, storing, and utilizing CO 2 to synthesize
U
usgs.gov
official
https://www.usgs.gov/centers/geology-energy-and-minerals-science-center/scien…
Carbon dioxide (CO2) can react with silicate rocks that are rich in magnesium, calcium, and iron to precipitate carbonate minerals.
L
lot21.org
article
https://lot21.org/discover/solutions/understanding/carbon-mineralization/
For example, CO2 can be stored in concrete, known as ex-situ mineralization, in a matter of hours or injected underground for geologic carbon storage, known as in-situ mineralization, where the process occurs within a few years. Different approaches for scaling carbon mineralization include enhanced oil recovery, carbon utilization, and rock weathering, each with its own method, process, and growth opportunity. **Ex-situ:** Carbon-mineralized alternatives to traditional building materials can avoid damaging practices such as quarrying and can use hazardous waste materials from other industrial processes as inputs (e.g., fly ash or steel slag), reducing the potential for harm to local communities and the environment. For example, while in-situ mineralization methods can store carbon durably in underground rock formations, there are concerns about potential leakage at injection sites and from CO2 transportation pipelines. In the design sector, landscape architects can lower a project’s carbon footprint by specifying ‘rock dust,’ a low-cost, surficial form of carbon mineralization that can replace synthetic fertilizers, enhance soil health, and store CO2.