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library.ctr.utexas.edu
research
https://library.ctr.utexas.edu/hostedpdfs/tsusm/0-6792-1.pdf
Slope Height: 10 ft to 30 ft Slope Length: 425 ft Slope Angle: 1H:1V Construction Specifications: Maine Department of Transportation Construction Sequence: The contractor built temporary forms to aid in the construction of the 1H:1V slope and up to 25 layers of geotextile with embedment lengths of up to 25 ft were used with select backfill. The contractor was able to spread the reinforced soil and compact to 95% of standard Proctor effort. The lower zone reinforcing fabric was spaced at 1 [...] Geosynthetic Material: Reinforcement: Polyester Geogrid (3600 lb/ft) Facing: Welded Wire Forms Foundation Soil: Silty-Sand Slope Height: 26 ft Slope Angle: 1H:1V Construction Specifications: South Carolina DOT Construction Sequence: The slope design required primary geogrid reinforcement to be placed at 2 ft vertical spacing for the bottom third of the slope and 6 ft vertical spacing in the upper third of the slope. The geogrid embedment lengths required to satisfy overall slope [...] Contractor: Planum Purpose: Support Structure for Bridge Abutment Geosynthetic Material: Reinforcement: Polyester Geogrid Facing: Polymer Mesh Slope Height: 31 ft Slope Length: 394 ft Slope Angle: 68° Construction Sequence: The reinforced soil slope was formed using geogrid with a wraparound face in 2 ft vertical lifts with a fine green mesh used to retain the soil behind the front face. Permanent lost formwork of angled steel mesh panels were used to form the front face and assist in
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fdotblob.core.windows.net
article
https://fdotwww.blob.core.windows.net/sitefinity/docs/default-source/implemen…
SECTION 145 GEOSYNTHETIC REINFORCEMENT 145-1 Description. This Section specifies the construction requirements for geosynthetics used in: geosynthetic reinforced soil slopes, and geosynthetic reinforced foundations constructed on soft in-situ soils. Furnish and place geosynthetics and any associated facing material or drainage blankets. 145-2 Responsibility. Construct the geosynthetic reinforced feature, including materials, method, and installation based on information provided in the Contract [...] activities, and on-site technical assistance during construction. Submit a copy of any instructions provided by the supplier to the Engineer prior to beginning installation. 145-4.2 Reinforced Soil Slopes: 145-4.2.1 Preparation: Remove all existing vegetation and all unsuitable foundation materials. Prepare the foundation in accordance with Section 110, except as noted herein. Proof roll the graded area with a vibratory roller weighing a minimum of 8 tons or a sheepsfoot roller, where [...] in accordance with FM 5-550. If the resolution test result satisfies the required criteria, material of that soil type will be verified and accepted. If the resolution test results do not meet the required criteria, reject the material and reconstruct with acceptable material. 145-8 Method of Measurement. 145-8.1 Geosynthetic Reinforced Soil Slopes: The quantity to be paid for will be the plan area, in square feet, of the projected vertical height of the slope face, measured from the top of
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mdpi.com
article
https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/9/10/2008
For soil slope applications, Alabama Department of Transportation (DOT) specifies that the geosynthetic reinforcement (either geogrid or geotextile) shall be constructed of polyester, polypropylene, or polyethylene, resistant to all naturally occurring alkaline and acidic soil conditions, and resistant to heat, ultraviolet light, and to attack by bacteria and fungi in the soil . Reinforcement for soil slopes shall be any geosynthetic whose strength in the machine direction equals or exceeds the [...] 27. Florida DOT. Standard Specifications for Road and Bridge Construction; Florida Department of Transportation: Tallahassee, FL, USA, 2010.
28. Pennsylvania DOT. Standard Special Provision for Geosynthetic Reinforced Slope Construction; Pennsylvania Department of Transportation: Harrisburg, PA, USA, 2007.
29. Haliburton, T.A.; Anglin, C.C.; Lawmaster, J.D. Testing of geotechnical fabric for use as reinforcement. Geotech. Test. J. 1978, 1, 203–212. [Google Scholar] [...] To ensure successful construction of geosynthetic reinforced steep slopes, an adequate subsurface investigation should be performed for the existing foundation, as well as behind and in front of the structure to assess overall performance behavior. Foundation soil engineering considerations include the bearing resistance, global stability, settlement potential, and position of groundwater levels. The subsurface exploration program generally consists of soil soundings, borings, and test pits.
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scdot.org
article
https://www.scdot.org/content/dam/scdot-legacy/business/pdf/geotech/2022-by-c…
and the size and angularity of the reinforced fill. For RSS construction, lightweight, low strength geotextiles and geogrids should be avoided to minimize damage with ensuing loss of strength. Protocols for field testing for this reduction factor are detailed in Elias, et al. (2009) and in ASTM D5818 – Standard Practice for Exposure and Retrieval of Samples to Evaluate Installation Damage of Geosynthetics. These protocols require that the geosynthetic material be subjected to a reinforced fill [...] core • Long-term inflow/outflow capacity Procedures for checking geotextile permeability and filtration/clogging criteria are presented in Geosynthetic Design and Construction Guidelines, Holtz, Christopher and Berg (2008), FHWA NHI-07-092. Long-term compressive stress and eccentric loadings on the core of a geocomposite should be considered during design and selection. Though not yet addressed in standardized test methods or standards of practice, the following criteria are suggested for [...] E. and Boedeker, R. H., (1989) “Geosynthetic Reinforced Soil Structures”, Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE, Volume 115, Issue 10, p. 1459-1478. Ruegger, R., (1986), “Geotextile Reinforced Soil Structures on which Vegetation can be Established”, Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Geotextiles, Vienna, Austria, Volume II. SCDOT Standard Specifications for Highway Construction (2007), South Carolina Department of Transportation, Geotechnical Design Manual APPENDIX D
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dot.ca.gov
official
https://dot.ca.gov/-/media/dot-media/programs/engineering/documents/geotechni…
Geosynthetic Reinforced Embankments January 2026 Page 1 of 17 1 Geosynthetic Reinforced Embankments Geosynthetic Reinforced Embankment (GRE) is a system that incorporates planar geosynthetic reinforcement within a slope (Figure 1) for slope inclinations less than 70 degrees from horizontal. A GRE is also referred to as a Reinforced Soil Slope. Situations where GRE may be used include: • Limited right of way • Shortage of fill quantity for slope construction • Excess of excavated materials • [...] the top layer near the top of the slope may be increased to 6 feet. • The vertical spacing at the bottom of the slope may be 2 feet or smaller depending on load demand. • For primary reinforcements with vertical spacing greater than 2 feet, include secondary reinforcements with a maximum vertical spacing of 2 feet to provide surficial stability. • Select secondary geosynthetic reinforcements in the Standard Specifications section 96-1.02D(3) as shown below: Secondary Geosynthetic Reinforcement [...] and design. • Adjust geosynthetic reinforcement lengths according to stability demand. Reduce the reinforcement lengths toward the top of the slope as the demand reduces. • The reinforcement lengths must be at least 8 feet. • The vertical spacing of geosynthetic reinforcements should be the multiplier of the compacted thickness of reinforced soil layer. For example, if typical compacted thickness of reinforced soil is 6 inches, during design place geosynthetic reinforcements at 6, 12, or 24
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cherokeemfg.com
article
https://cherokeemfg.com/reinforced-soil-slope-walls-rss-walls-installation
A reinforced soil slope is defined as a compacted fill embankment that incorporates geosynthetic reinforcement to increase the soil shear to enhance the stability of the embankment when site conditions require an embankment with a steeper angle of repose (how steep soil can naturally be piled relative to a horizontal plane) or if the embankment is intended to carry a load considered unstable with the existing subgrade. [...] A minimum of 6 inches of soil is required prior to the operation of vehicles on the geosynthetic. Avoid sudden stopping or braking, and do not turn tracked equipment on the fill area to avoid displacement. Light rubber tire vehicle operation can sometimes be acceptable if it is infrequent and slow, and turning is minimized.
Ensure fill is compacted as indicated in construction drawings before placing the next layer of reinforcement, wire forms, and fill. [...] When building a reinforced slope, we will primarily depend on a secondary reinforcement with a light to moderate geosynthetic fabric or grid in tight vertical spacing with relatively short embedment lengths (how far horizontally into the slope these extend). These layers will provide superficial stability to protect the embankment from shallow plane failure at the surface, while also giving compaction equipment a good platform in which to compact soil lifts all the way to the face of the slope.
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solmax.com
article
https://www.solmax.com/ca/en/resources/technical-notes/facing-options-for-rei…
Reinforced slopes that are 1(H): 1(V) and steeper typically require facing support during construction (FHWA, 2009b).
A geosynthetic face wrap and/or a hard armor facing support system is often used in this application. However, a face wrap and/or a hard armor facing system may be required when constructing 1(H): 1(V) slopes with silts and poorly graded sands and gravels, or if the slope face is subjected to external erosive forces associated with mild water currents and/or wave attack. [...] For reinforced slopes subjected to severe erosive forces associated with water currents and wave attack, the erosion protection system must be specifically designed to resist these forces. Typically, these severe cases will require a ‘hard’ armor erosion protection system such as riprap, gabions, articulating concrete blocks, or fabric-formed concrete. A geosynthetic face wrap is not generally incorporated; however, a geotextile filter should be placed along the slope face, underneath the [...] Reinforced 1(H): 1(V) slopes constructed with most soil types and not subjected to severe erosive forces should be vegetated after construction to prevent or minimize erosion due to rainfall and runoff on the face. A synthetic erosion control mat may be used as a permanent facing but must be stabilized against ultraviolet (UV) light (FHWA, 2009b). Figure 4(a) shows a typical cross section with PROPEX® Pyramat® 75, a synthetic high performance turf reinforcement mat (HPTRM) with UV stabilization
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teamues.com
article
https://www.teamues.com/using-reinforced-soil-for-construction-of-retaining-s…
Due to high strength, reinforced soil is also utilized to construct earth sloped structures with face inclination of less than 70 degrees. In this case, multiple layers of reinforcement are placed in the slope during construction or reconstruction to reinforce the soil and provide increased slope stability. Reinforced soil slope structures are cost-effective alternatives for new construction and reconstruction where the cost of fill, right-of-way, and other considerations may make a steeper [...] In order to solve corrosion of steel reinforcement strips in MSE structures, geosynthetic reinforcement was introduced in the 1980’s and geosynthetic reinforced soil (GRS) structures grew in popularity. [...] According to Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), there are approximately 600,000 bridges in the United States, and many of them have functional or structural deficiencies. Because of financial issues, the repair or replacement of these structures has been challenging. As a result, the use of more economical means of bridge construction such as MSE (steel reinforced) and GRS (geosynthetic) abutments has been of interest over the last few decades and reinforced soil abutments have been