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L
library.ctr.utexas.edu
research
https://library.ctr.utexas.edu/hostedpdfs/tsusm/0-6792-1.pdf
regarding design methods is provided in Chapter II. CONSTRUCTION PRACTICES The case study information was synthesized from projects of private and public ownership. Therefore, requirements for construction practices vary from transportation agency specifications to supplier recommendations. The following sequence was followed for typical construction of a reinforced slope: 1. Site preparation. 2. Place the first reinforcing layer. 3. Place backfill on reinforcement. 4. Compaction control. 5. [...] a safety plan to be implemented concerning potential hazards. The contractor also recommends geogrid for reinforcement of soil slopes and geotextile or geonet for the top. By taking adequate safety measures and utilizing sufficient materials and construction methods, there is no maintenance or repair that should be expected. Reinforced soil slopes constitute a viable solution when compared to alternatives; however, the cost of the material varies depending on the quantity and performance [...] in steep slope construction. Therefore, a synthesis study of geosynthetic reinforced steep slopes has been conducted to enhance the present understanding of this technology. The study summarized the benefits and limitations of utilizing geosynthetic reinforcement and investigated current design and construction methods in order to determine best practices. Additionally, the cost effectiveness of geosynthetic reinforced steep slopes was examined. Case studies were also identified and assessed to
M
mdpi.com
article
https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/9/10/2008
## 5. Construction Practices
The construction of geosynthetic reinforced steep slopes is similar to normal embankment construction, as the reinforcement can be easily incorporated into the backfill material . Information from transportation agencies, manufacturers, and engineers was synthesized by the research team to determine current methods.
#### 5.1. Construction Sequence [...] For soil slope applications, Alabama Department of Transportation (DOT) specifies that the geosynthetic reinforcement (either geogrid or geotextile) shall be constructed of polyester, polypropylene, or polyethylene, resistant to all naturally occurring alkaline and acidic soil conditions, and resistant to heat, ultraviolet light, and to attack by bacteria and fungi in the soil . Reinforcement for soil slopes shall be any geosynthetic whose strength in the machine direction equals or exceeds the [...] Geosynthetics are modern materials used to improve soil conditions by providing tensile resistance and stability. In the case of soil reinforcement, a primary application of geosynthetics involves reinforcing steep slopes. With the use of geosynthetics, the construction of reinforced steep slopes is often more affordable and technically feasible when compared to traditional construction techniques . Furthermore, geosynthetic reinforcement is a cost-effective solution for stabilizing recurring
Y
youtube.com
video
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1RuGFtK_Ars
This method of construction makes it possible to construct foundations slopes to build steep embankments and construct vertical retaining walls.
C
cherokeemfg.com
article
https://cherokeemfg.com/reinforced-soil-slope-walls-rss-walls-installation
When building a reinforced slope, we will primarily depend on a secondary reinforcement with a light to moderate geosynthetic fabric or grid in tight vertical spacing with relatively short embedment lengths (how far horizontally into the slope these extend). These layers will provide superficial stability to protect the embankment from shallow plane failure at the surface, while also giving compaction equipment a good platform in which to compact soil lifts all the way to the face of the slope. [...] A reinforced soil slope is defined as a compacted fill embankment that incorporates geosynthetic reinforcement to increase the soil shear to enhance the stability of the embankment when site conditions require an embankment with a steeper angle of repose (how steep soil can naturally be piled relative to a horizontal plane) or if the embankment is intended to carry a load considered unstable with the existing subgrade. [...] However, when slopes exceed 45 degrees in relativity to a horizontal plane, it’s often best to use wire forms that are either lined with geosynthetic or high performance rolled erosion control product that can retain fine soils while establishing vegetation through the facia treatment. Wire forms do not offer structural strength and should not be considered a structural element. They are placed only to keep the embankment at the desired batter (slope angle) during construction, and to assist
D
dot.ca.gov
official
https://dot.ca.gov/-/media/dot-media/programs/engineering/documents/geotechni…
Geosynthetic Reinforced Embankments September 2023 Page 1 of 17 1 Reinforced Embankments Geosynthetic Reinforced Embankment (GRE) is a system that incorporates planar geosynthetic reinforcement within a slope (Figure 1) for slope inclinations less than 70 degrees from horizontal. A GRE is also referred to as a Reinforced Soil Slope. Situations where GRE may be used include: • • • • Limited right of way Shortage of fill quantity for slope construction Excess of excavated materials Distressed or [...] reinforcements. If necessary, one traffic lane may need to be closed during construction. Processed landslide debris may be used as reinforced soil if sufficient geosynthetic reinforcements are used, the reinforced soil materials do not cause creep, and proper subdrain is designed. To keep the slope dry, prefabricated vertical drains may be placed horizontally in conjunction with the geosynthetic reinforcements. 5 Execution and Communication During Design During design, close communication [...] Distressed or deteriorated slopes need to be restored. The components of a geosynthetic reinforced embankment include: geosynthetic reinforcements, reinforced soil, drainage system, and erosion control. The foundation below the GRE (foundation soil) and slope behind the GRE (retained soil) also affect the design of the GRE. Figure 1: Components of Geosynthetic Reinforced Embankment Geosynthetic Reinforced Embankments September 2023 Page 2 of 17 1.1 Common Applications of GRE a. New Construction
S
scdot.org
article
https://www.scdot.org/content/dam/scdot-legacy/business/pdf/geotech/2022-by-c…
Damage during handling and construction, from abrasion and wear, punching and tear or scratching, notching, and cracking may occur in geosynthetics. These types of damage can only be avoided by using care during handling and construction. Construction equipment should not travel directly on geosynthetic materials. Damage during reinforced fill placement and compaction operations is a function of the severity of the loading imposed on the geosynthetic during construction operations and the size [...] and the size and angularity of the reinforced fill. For RSS construction, lightweight, low strength geotextiles and geogrids should be avoided to minimize damage with ensuing loss of strength. Protocols for field testing for this reduction factor are detailed in Elias, et al. (2009) and in ASTM D5818 – Standard Practice for Exposure and Retrieval of Samples to Evaluate Installation Damage of Geosynthetics. These protocols require that the geosynthetic material be subjected to a reinforced fill [...] reinforced slope with a computer program. Layout includes number, length, design strength, and vertical distribution of the geosynthetic reinforcement. The charts presented in Figure D-8 provide a method for generating a preliminary layout. Note that these charts were developed with the specific assumptions noted in this figure. Analyze the reinforced soil slope with the trial geosynthetic reinforcement layouts. The most economical reinforcement layout must provide the maximum stability
S
sciencedirect.com
article
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/geosynthetic-reinforced-soil
In this technique, one or more layers of a geosynthetic reinforcement and controlled fill are placed below a shallow spread footing to create a composite
G
geosyntheticsmagazine.com
article
https://geosyntheticsmagazine.com/2019/06/01/geogrid-reinforced-soil-structur…
A wide range of materials are used as facing, including precast concrete panels, dry cast modular blocks, welded wire mesh, wraparound