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mdpi.com
article
https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/9/10/2008
The following step-by-step procedure is recommended by the FHWA for the construction sequence of geosynthetic reinforced steep slopes.
During site preparation, contractors clear and grub the site and remove all slide debris. A level subgrade is then prepared. The foundation must also be inspected and drainage features should be placed as required . [...] Geosynthetics are modern materials used to improve soil conditions by providing tensile resistance and stability. In the case of soil reinforcement, a primary application of geosynthetics involves reinforcing steep slopes. With the use of geosynthetics, the construction of reinforced steep slopes is often more affordable and technically feasible when compared to traditional construction techniques . Furthermore, geosynthetic reinforcement is a cost-effective solution for stabilizing recurring [...] To ensure successful construction of geosynthetic reinforced steep slopes, an adequate subsurface investigation should be performed for the existing foundation, as well as behind and in front of the structure to assess overall performance behavior. Foundation soil engineering considerations include the bearing resistance, global stability, settlement potential, and position of groundwater levels. The subsurface exploration program generally consists of soil soundings, borings, and test pits.
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library.ctr.utexas.edu
research
https://library.ctr.utexas.edu/hostedpdfs/tsusm/0-6792-1.pdf
Length: 1640 ft Construction Sequence: The design specified a wraparound faced, geogrid reinforced structure, with a lost steel facing system, which acts as a temporary formwork during construction as well as a permanent protection facing in the long term. The construction process involves the use of a geogrid laid in horizontal layers at 2 ft lifts, with a finer green mesh product used to retain the soil behind the front face. A high quality granular backfill was used in the soil block [...] Slope Height: 10 ft to 30 ft Slope Length: 425 ft Slope Angle: 1H:1V Construction Specifications: Maine Department of Transportation Construction Sequence: The contractor built temporary forms to aid in the construction of the 1H:1V slope and up to 25 layers of geotextile with embedment lengths of up to 25 ft were used with select backfill. The contractor was able to spread the reinforced soil and compact to 95% of standard Proctor effort. The lower zone reinforcing fabric was spaced at 1 [...] Purpose: Maximize Available Land Geosynthetic Material: Reinforcement: Polyethylene Geogrid Slope Face: Wire Mesh & Biodegradable Mesh Slope Height: 16 ft Slope Angle: 1H:2V Design Method: Static and seismic slope stability analysis. Construction Sequence: The manufacturer was able to present information on the product and installation process including installation guidelines. This support contributed to the contractor taking less than 4 weeks to complete the project. The contractor
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cherokeemfg.com
article
https://cherokeemfg.com/reinforced-soil-slope-walls-rss-walls-installation
A reinforced soil slope is defined as a compacted fill embankment that incorporates geosynthetic reinforcement to increase the soil shear to enhance the stability of the embankment when site conditions require an embankment with a steeper angle of repose (how steep soil can naturally be piled relative to a horizontal plane) or if the embankment is intended to carry a load considered unstable with the existing subgrade. [...] When building a reinforced slope, we will primarily depend on a secondary reinforcement with a light to moderate geosynthetic fabric or grid in tight vertical spacing with relatively short embedment lengths (how far horizontally into the slope these extend). These layers will provide superficial stability to protect the embankment from shallow plane failure at the surface, while also giving compaction equipment a good platform in which to compact soil lifts all the way to the face of the slope. [...] ### Step 2 – Reinforcement Placement
Place reinforcement as determined by construction drawings to match embedment, elevation, and orientation as determined by the design engineer. Ensure geosynthetic reinforcement is free of wrinkles and folds and is pulled taught by using soil staples or pins. Splicing in the direction parallel to the face of the slope is prohibited.
### Step 3 – Fill Placement
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dot.ca.gov
official
https://dot.ca.gov/-/media/dot-media/programs/engineering/documents/geotechni…
Geosynthetic Reinforced Embankments September 2023 Page 1 of 17 1 Reinforced Embankments Geosynthetic Reinforced Embankment (GRE) is a system that incorporates planar geosynthetic reinforcement within a slope (Figure 1) for slope inclinations less than 70 degrees from horizontal. A GRE is also referred to as a Reinforced Soil Slope. Situations where GRE may be used include: • • • • Limited right of way Shortage of fill quantity for slope construction Excess of excavated materials Distressed or [...] reinforcements. If necessary, one traffic lane may need to be closed during construction. Processed landslide debris may be used as reinforced soil if sufficient geosynthetic reinforcements are used, the reinforced soil materials do not cause creep, and proper subdrain is designed. To keep the slope dry, prefabricated vertical drains may be placed horizontally in conjunction with the geosynthetic reinforcements. 5 Execution and Communication During Design During design, close communication [...] Distressed or deteriorated slopes need to be restored. The components of a geosynthetic reinforced embankment include: geosynthetic reinforcements, reinforced soil, drainage system, and erosion control. The foundation below the GRE (foundation soil) and slope behind the GRE (retained soil) also affect the design of the GRE. Figure 1: Components of Geosynthetic Reinforced Embankment Geosynthetic Reinforced Embankments September 2023 Page 2 of 17 1.1 Common Applications of GRE a. New Construction
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youtube.com
video
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1RuGFtK_Ars
This method of construction makes it possible to construct foundations slopes to build steep embankments and construct vertical retaining walls.
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scdot.org
article
https://www.scdot.org/content/dam/scdot-legacy/business/pdf/geotech/2022-by-c…
Damage during handling and construction, from abrasion and wear, punching and tear or scratching, notching, and cracking may occur in geosynthetics. These types of damage can only be avoided by using care during handling and construction. Construction equipment should not travel directly on geosynthetic materials. Damage during reinforced fill placement and compaction operations is a function of the severity of the loading imposed on the geosynthetic during construction operations and the size [...] and the size and angularity of the reinforced fill. For RSS construction, lightweight, low strength geotextiles and geogrids should be avoided to minimize damage with ensuing loss of strength. Protocols for field testing for this reduction factor are detailed in Elias, et al. (2009) and in ASTM D5818 – Standard Practice for Exposure and Retrieval of Samples to Evaluate Installation Damage of Geosynthetics. These protocols require that the geosynthetic material be subjected to a reinforced fill [...] – Vol. I (2009)) Because of varying polymer types, quality, additives and product geometry, each geosynthetic is different in its resistance to aging and attack by different chemical agents. Therefore, each product must be investigated individually, or in the context of product line where the same polymer source and additives are used, and the manufacturing process is the same for all products in the product line. This product line approach makes it possible to interpolate reduction factors for
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solmax.com
article
https://www.solmax.com/ca/en/blog/what-are-the-key-considerations-in-designin…
The design of reinforced soil slopes hinges on two critical components: the facing system and the reinforcement strategy.
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sciencedirect.com
article
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/geosynthetic-reinforced-soil
MSE refers to the use of reinforcement constructed between compacted soil layers to build earth structures such as retaining walls, bridge abutments,