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mdpi.com
article
https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/9/10/2008
The following step-by-step procedure is recommended by the FHWA for the construction sequence of geosynthetic reinforced steep slopes.
During site preparation, contractors clear and grub the site and remove all slide debris. A level subgrade is then prepared. The foundation must also be inspected and drainage features should be placed as required . [...] Geosynthetic reinforcement of steep slopes was initially utilized to repair failed slopes. Instead of importing soil to reconstruct the slopes, the slide debris was salvaged and reused with the addition of geosynthetic reinforcement, resulting in reduced costs. To provide stability, multiple layers of geosynthetic materials were placed in a fill slope during reconstruction. As per Figure 1, in addition to repairing failed slopes, steep slope reinforcement has also been introduced for the [...] ## 5. Construction Practices
The construction of geosynthetic reinforced steep slopes is similar to normal embankment construction, as the reinforcement can be easily incorporated into the backfill material . Information from transportation agencies, manufacturers, and engineers was synthesized by the research team to determine current methods.
#### 5.1. Construction Sequence
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library.ctr.utexas.edu
research
https://library.ctr.utexas.edu/hostedpdfs/tsusm/0-6792-1.pdf
Length: 1640 ft Construction Sequence: The design specified a wraparound faced, geogrid reinforced structure, with a lost steel facing system, which acts as a temporary formwork during construction as well as a permanent protection facing in the long term. The construction process involves the use of a geogrid laid in horizontal layers at 2 ft lifts, with a finer green mesh product used to retain the soil behind the front face. A high quality granular backfill was used in the soil block [...] Purpose: Maximize Available Land Geosynthetic Material: Reinforcement: Polyethylene Geogrid Slope Face: Wire Mesh & Biodegradable Mesh Slope Height: 16 ft Slope Angle: 1H:2V Design Method: Static and seismic slope stability analysis. Construction Sequence: The manufacturer was able to present information on the product and installation process including installation guidelines. This support contributed to the contractor taking less than 4 weeks to complete the project. The contractor [...] Location: Upper Hutt, New Zealand Owner: Connell Wagner Engineer: Opus International Consultants Contractor: Higgins Contractors Purpose: Support Structure for Roadway Geosynthetic Material: Reinforcement: Polyethylene Geogrid Facing: Wire Mesh Drainage: Geocomposite Construction Sequence: The placement and lacing up of the wire mesh units using a pneumatic lacing gun was a straight forward process along with the laying of the geogrid. In addition, the placement of the rear drainage
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sciencedirect.com
article
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/geosynthetic-reinforced-soil
GRS RWs with FHR facing (see Fig. 23.2) are constructed as follows. After the major part of the residual deformation of the subsoil and the backfill due to the construction of geosynthetic-reinforced backfill has taken place, as shown in Fig. 23.2(a), FHR facing is constructed by casting-in-place concrete in the space between the outer concrete frame, which is temporarily supported by steel bars anchored in the backfill, and the wall face of the GRS wall wrapped around with geogrid [...] The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) has recently embraced a newer version of the MSE wall referred to as geosynthetic reinforced soil (GRS) (or geosynthetically confined soil, GCS, by others) (Figure 14.15). These walls employ techniques similar to those for construction of MSE walls, but use much closer vertical spacing (typically 20 cm=8 in.); lighter-weight reinforcement (typically a woven polypropylene geotextile); well-compacted, select granular fill; and smaller facing elements [...] There are a number of advantages to constructing a _reinforced soil slope_ (RSS). These come about from a combination of the smaller footprint required, resulting in a reduced right-of-way, and a savings in the total volume of material required to construct a slope or embankment to a particular height. Use of reinforcement may also allow construction of slopes with lower-quality fill material. Where space is available, a RSS can also serve as an economical alternative to MSE walls. It has been
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scdot.org
article
https://www.scdot.org/content/dam/scdot-legacy/business/pdf/geotech/2022-by-c…
reinforced slope with a computer program. Layout includes number, length, design strength, and vertical distribution of the geosynthetic reinforcement. The charts presented in Figure D-8 provide a method for generating a preliminary layout. Note that these charts were developed with the specific assumptions noted in this figure. Analyze the reinforced soil slope with the trial geosynthetic reinforcement layouts. The most economical reinforcement layout must provide the maximum stability [...] of compacted layer thickness of ease of construction (see Figure D-10) Tzone = Maximum reinforcement tension required for each zone; TS-MAX for low slopes (H ≤ 20 feet) Tal = Tult/RF (see Equation D-6) Hzone = Height of zone; TTop, TMiddle, and TBottom for high slopes (H > 20 feet) N = Number of reinforcement layers Use short 4 to 6.5 feet lengths of intermediate reinforcement layers to maintain a maximum vertical spacing of 16 inches or less for face stability and compaction quality. For [...] Damage during handling and construction, from abrasion and wear, punching and tear or scratching, notching, and cracking may occur in geosynthetics. These types of damage can only be avoided by using care during handling and construction. Construction equipment should not travel directly on geosynthetic materials. Damage during reinforced fill placement and compaction operations is a function of the severity of the loading imposed on the geosynthetic during construction operations and the size
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cherokeemfg.com
article
https://cherokeemfg.com/reinforced-soil-slope-walls-rss-walls-installation
### Step 2 – Reinforcement Placement
Place reinforcement as determined by construction drawings to match embedment, elevation, and orientation as determined by the design engineer. Ensure geosynthetic reinforcement is free of wrinkles and folds and is pulled taught by using soil staples or pins. Splicing in the direction parallel to the face of the slope is prohibited.
### Step 3 – Fill Placement [...] Place reinforcement beginning at the face of the slope and moving toward the end of the fabric or grid to ensure geosynthetic is pulled taught being careful to prevent wrinkles, folds, or tears. If wire baskets are used, they will also be placed at the indicated location prior to fill placement, leaving enough geosynthetic to wrap the face and make the next geosynthetic embedment length on the subsequent lift. If geosynthetic is to terminate at the face of the slope, you will line the wire form [...] When building a reinforced slope, we will primarily depend on a secondary reinforcement with a light to moderate geosynthetic fabric or grid in tight vertical spacing with relatively short embedment lengths (how far horizontally into the slope these extend). These layers will provide superficial stability to protect the embankment from shallow plane failure at the surface, while also giving compaction equipment a good platform in which to compact soil lifts all the way to the face of the slope.
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geosyntheticsmagazine.com
article
https://geosyntheticsmagazine.com/2010/08/01/green-geosynthetic-reinforced-so…
## 3. Design for a ‘green’ reinforced soil wall or slope
A case history to describe the process of design for a geosynthetic-reinforced soil retaining wall or slope was designed and constructed in Costa Rica in January 2008. This slope was designed to have an erosion resistant facade of vegetation and for this it is referred to as a “green” reinforced soil slope.
### 3.1 Initial conditions [...] The design methodology for soil walls or slopes reinforced with geosynthetics consists of three stages: [...] In this project, they are constructed from soil reinforced with geosynthetics with facades made from UV-degradable sacks filled with organic material and vegetation to create a natural appearance. This article provides a detailed description of the designs of the green reinforced soil walls and slopes.
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vulcanhammer.net
article
https://vulcanhammer.net/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/fhwa-nhi-00-043.pdf
(d) Specification Guidelines for Proprietary Geosynthetic RSS Systems.
a.
Specification Guidelines For RSS Construction (Agency Design) Description Work shall consist of furnishing and placing geosynthetic soil reinforcement for construction of reinforced soil slopes. [...] !
Use ground improvement techniques (e.g., wick drains, stone columns, etc.) Additional information on ground improvement techniques can be found in the FHWA’s Ground Improvement Manual DP116. 6.4 CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE As the reinforcement layers are easily incorporated between the compacted lifts of fill, construction of reinforced slopes is very similar to normal slope construction. The elements of construction consist of simply: 1.
Placing the soil.
2.
Placing the reinforcement.
-202-3. [...] After the specified soil layer has been placed, the next geosynthetic reinforcement layer shall be installed. The process shall be repeated for each subsequent layer of geosynthetic reinforcement and soil.
• Geosynthetic reinforcement shall be placed to lay flat and pulled tight prior to backfilling.
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teamues.com
article
https://www.teamues.com/using-reinforced-soil-for-construction-of-retaining-s…
Due to high strength, reinforced soil is also utilized to construct earth sloped structures with face inclination of less than 70 degrees. In this case, multiple layers of reinforcement are placed in the slope during construction or reconstruction to reinforce the soil and provide increased slope stability. Reinforced soil slope structures are cost-effective alternatives for new construction and reconstruction where the cost of fill, right-of-way, and other considerations may make a steeper [...] may make a steeper slope desirable. Figure 4 presents a reinforced soil slope. [...] Reinforced soil retaining walls are extensively utilized in transportation construction, such as shown in Figure 2. The reinforced soil structure can have a vertical slope which is a significant advantage in the projects in which the right-of-way for embankment is restricted and needs to be minimized.
### Application as a Bridge Abutment