To calculate the maximum generating capacity of a hydropower plant, one would apply the formula P = ρ × g × H × Q × η, where P is the power output, ρ is the
In this tutorial example, we take the case of the development of a site which has an average flow of 12 m3/sec with a drop height of about 4
The document provides two tutorial questions and solutions for estimating power generated from hydropower. Comprehensive Overview of Hydroelectric Power Plants
CHAPTER 3 NOMENCLATURE Ao = Area of orifice or ports AP = Cross-sectional area of penstocks At = Area of riser of differential surge tank A, = Net cross-sectional area of surge tank A, = Cross-sectional area of head race tunnel J&h = Thoma area of surge tank c = Velocity of propagation of pressure wave D = Diameter of head race tunnel F = Friction factor governing head loss [to be taken from IS : 4880 ( Part 3 ) - 1976” ] F, = Factor of safety over Ath g = Acceleration due to gravity H = Gross head on turbines Ho = Net head on turbines hr = Total head loss in head race tunnel system hrp = Total head loss in penstock system L = Length of head race tunnel Ls, = Length of riser spill in crest m = Reciprocal of Poisson’s ratio for rock P = Power generated Ph = Pressure due to water hammer in the conduit upstream of surge tank Qd = Maximum discharge supplied by the surge tank in case of specified load acceptance R1 = Internal radius of the pressure conduit R2, = Outer radius of the pressure conduit V’ = Volume of water in surge tank corresponding to Z Y’t = Volume of water in the conduit in a given time interval ∆t = V1,At.
Technical Risks Hydrological Due to lower or higher-than-expected water flows, floods, unusual seasonal variations Thorough hydrology analysis, contingency margin for output, detailed investigation during feasibility and design phases Geotechnical seismic Due to geological activity structural problems arise Detailed analysis, site-specific design Electro-mechanical equipment performance Due to underperformance as per project specifications Supervision, inspection, quality assurance, reliability tests, guarantees and warranties Construction Due to construction delays Supervision, inspection, quality assurance, reliability tests, guarantees and warranties Operation and maintenance Due to underperformance of O&M Detailed O&M contracts, guarantees and warranties Social Risks Land and water use conflicts Due to conflicts with local water users or downstream riparian, water use Formal agreement with stakeholders, modify design Resettlement and social unrest Due to resettlement, local employment and compensation Formal agreement with stakeholders, modify design Public health and safety risks Due to threats to public safety or health during all project phases Safety management plan, formal agreement with stakeholders, modify project International objection on social, environmental or cultural grounds Develop and carry out strategic communications strategy, modify project Cultural heritage issues Preservation of historically significant sites and artifacts Design pre-project activities to investigate, preserve, or modify project Environmental Risks Water quality Modify project, compensate for impacts Sedimentation Modify project Upstream/downstream flow regime Modify project, compensate for impacts Wetlands protection Modify project, compensate for impacts Biodiversity Modify project, compensate for impacts, pest management Fish habitat Modify project, compensate for impacts A Guide for Developers and Investors HYDROELECTRIC POWER 115 18 Acronyms ADB Asian Development Bank AVR Automatic Voltage Regulator B/C Benefit/Cost ratio BOO Build-Operate-Own BOT Build-Operate-Transfer BREP Balkan Renewable Energy Program CAPEX Capital Expenses DSCR Debt-Service Coverage Ratio E&M Electrical and Mechanical E&S Environmental and Social EIA U.S. Energy Information Administration EP Equator Principles EPC Engineering, Procurement and Construction ESIA Environmental and Social Impact Assessment ESMP Environmental and Social Management Plan ESMS Environmental and Social Management System FDC Flow Duration Curve FIDIC Fédération Internationale des Ingénieurs-Conseils
Guide on How to Develop a Small Hydropower Plant ESHA 2004 CHAPTER 6: ELECTROMECHANICAL EQUIPMENT CONTENTS 6 Electromechanical equipment..................................................................................................154 6.1 Powerhouse......................................................................................................................154 6.2 Hydraulic turbines............................................................................................................156 6.2.1 Types and configuration...........................................................................................156 6.2.2 Specific speed and similitude...................................................................................168 6.2.3 Preliminary design ...................................................................................................171 6.2.4 Turbine selection criteria .........................................................................................174 6.2.5 Turbine efficiency....................................................................................................181 6.3 Speed increasers...............................................................................................................184 6.3.1 Speed increaser types...............................................................................................184 6.3.2 Speed increaser design.............................................................................................185 6.3.3 Speed increaser maintenance ...................................................................................186 6.4 Generators........................................................................................................................186 6.4.1 Generator configurations..........................................................................................188 6.4.2 Exciters.....................................................................................................................188 6.4.3 Voltage regulation and synchronisation...................................................................189 Asynchronous generators.........................................................................................................189 6.5 Turbine control.................................................................................................................189 6.6 Switchgear equipment......................................................................................................192 6.7 Automatic control ............................................................................................................193 6.8 Ancillary electrical equipment.........................................................................................194 6.8.1 Plant service transformer .........................................................................................194 6.8.2 DC control power supply.........................................................................................194 6.8.3 Headwater and tailwater recorders...........................................................................194 6.8.4 Outdoor substation...................................................................................................195 6.9 Examples..........................................................................................................................196 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 6.1 : Schematic view of a powerhouse –Low head ..............................................................155 Figure 6.2 : Schematic view of a powerhouse –high and medium heads........................................155 Figure 6.3 : Schematic view of a hydropower scheme and of the measurement sections...............157 Figure 6.4 : Cross section of a nozzle with deflector.......................................................................158 Figure 6.5 : View of a two nozzles horizontal Pelton......................................................................159 Figure 6.6 : View of a two nozzle vertical Pelton............................................................................159 Figure 6.7 : Principle of a Turgo turbine .........................................................................................160 Figure 6.8 : Principle of a Cross-flow turbine .................................................................................160 Figure 6.9 : Guide vane functioning principle.................................................................................162 Figure 6.10: View of a Francis Turbine...........................................................................................162 Figure 6.11 : Kinetic energy remaining at the outlet of the runner..................................................163 Figure 6.12 : Cross section of a double regulated Kaplan turbine...................................................164 Figure 6.13 : Cross section of a double regulated Bulb turbine.......................................................164 152 Guide on How to Develop a Small Hydropower Plant ESHA 2004 Figure 6.14 : Cross section of a vertical Kaplan..............................................................................166 Figure 6.15 : Cross section of a Kaplan siphon power plant ...........................................................166 Figure 6.16 : Cross section of a Kaplan inverse siphon power plant...............................................166 Figure 6.17 : Cross section of an inclined Kaplan power plant.......................................................166 Figure 6.18 : Cross section of a S Kaplan power plant....................................................................166 Figure 6.19 : Cross section of an inclined
4 Guide on How to Develop a Small Hydropower Plant ESHA 2004 Figure 1-3 Low head scheme integrated in the dam 1.3.2 Schemes with the powerhouse at the base of a dam A small hydropower scheme cannot afford a large reservoir to operate the plant when it is most convenient, the cost of a relatively large dam and its hydraulic appurtenances would be too high to make it economically viable. 5 Guide on How to Develop a Small Hydropower Plant ESHA 2004 Figure 1-4 Low head scheme using an existing dam Provided the dam is not too high, a siphon intake can be installed.
Guideline and Manual for Hydropower Development Vol. 2 Small Scale Hydropower March 2011 Japan International Cooperation Agency Electric Power Development Co., Ltd. JP Design Co., Ltd. IDD JR 11-020 TABLE OF CONTENTS Part 1 Introduction on Small Scale Hydropower for Rural Electrification Chapter 1 Significance of Small Scale Hydropower Development ..................................... 2-1 Chapter 3 Outline of Hydropower Generation ..................................................................... 3-1 Chapter 4 Rural Electrification Project by Small-Scale Hydropower ................................. 4-1 Part 2 Designation of the Area of Electrification Chapter 5 Selection of the Area of Electrification and Finding of the Site .......................... 6-1 Chapter 7 Technical Survey ................................................................................................. 7-1 Chapter 8 Generation Plan ................................................................................................... 16-1 Part 1 Introduction on Small Scale Hydropower for Rural Electrification TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1 Significance of Small Scale Hydropower Development ................................. 3-1 3.1 Energy of Hydropower ............................................................................................. 3-1 3.1.1 Hydro Power Generation .................................................................................. 3-1 3.1.2 Electric Power Output ....................................................................................... 3-2 3.1.3 Energy Generation ............................................................................................ 4-3 4.1.2 Basic Plan Survey Stage ...................................................................................